Miska je plná vody.

Because plná has to agree with miska.

• miska is feminine singular
• the adjective plný changes its ending to match gender, number, and case

So:

• plný = masculine
• plná = feminine
• plné = neuter / some plural uses

Since miska is feminine singular, the correct form is plná.

Because the adjective plný normally takes the genitive case for the thing something is full of.

So:

• voda = nominative
• vody = genitive singular

That is why Czech says:

• Miska je plná vody.

Literally, this is structurally like The bowl is full of water, where of water is the idea that triggers the genitive in Czech.

Other examples:

• Sklenice je plná mléka. = The glass is full of milk.
• Pokoj je plný lidí. = The room is full of people.

Miska is in the nominative singular because it is the subject of the sentence.

The sentence pattern is:

• Miska = subject
• je = is
• plná vody = predicate/adjectival complement

So miska is the thing being described.

Je is the 3rd person singular present tense of být = to be.

So here it means is.

• já jsem = I am
• ty jsi = you are
• on/ona/ono je = he/she/it is

In Miska je plná vody, je links the subject (miska) with the description (plná vody).

In a normal complete sentence, no.

Czech often drops subject pronouns, but it usually does not drop the verb to be in this kind of standard statement.

So:

• Miska je plná vody. = correct
• Miska plná vody. = not a normal full sentence; it sounds more like a label, headline, or fragment

Because Czech does not have articles like English a/an and the.

So miska can mean:

• a bowl
• the bowl

The exact meaning depends on context.

For example:

• Miska je plná vody. could mean The bowl is full of water or A bowl is full of water, depending on the situation.

If Czech speakers want to be more specific, they can use words like:

• ta miska = that/the bowl
• jedna miska = one/a certain bowl

But usually context is enough.

Here it is genitive singular.

That can be confusing, because vody can also be a plural form in other contexts. But in this sentence, it must be genitive singular because:

1. plný requires the genitive for what something is full of
2. water is being used as a mass noun here, not as plural waters

So in this sentence, vody means of water, not waters.

Yes, Czech word order is flexible, but the neutral, most natural order here is:

• Miska je plná vody.

If you change the order, the meaning stays similar, but the focus or emphasis changes.

For example:

• Plná vody je miska. = marked/emphatic, not the most neutral everyday phrasing
• Ta miska je plná vody. = emphasizes that bowl
• Miska je vody plná. = possible, but more stylistically marked

For a learner, the safest default is:

• Miska je plná vody.

Normally, no.

With plný, Czech uses the genitive:

• plná vody = full of water

Using instrumental (vodou) would not be the normal pattern with plný.

If you want an expression with instrumental, Czech more naturally uses a different form, for example:

• Miska je naplněná vodou. = The bowl is filled with water.

So:

• plná vody = correct with plný
• naplněná vodou = correct with naplněný

A simple pronunciation guide is:

• Miska ≈ MIS-ka
• je ≈ ye
• plná ≈ PL-naa
• vody ≈ VO-dih

A few useful points:

• Czech stress is usually on the first syllable of each word.
• á is a long vowel, so plná has a long a sound.
• j in Czech is pronounced like English y in yes.

So the rhythm is roughly:

MIS-ka ye PL-naa VO-dih

Yes. A very common alternative is:

• V misce je voda. = There is water in the bowl.

But this does not mean exactly the same thing.

Compare:

• Miska je plná vody. = The bowl is full of water.
• V misce je voda. = There is water in the bowl.

The second sentence only says that water is in the bowl. It does not say the bowl is full.

So if fullness matters, use:

• Miska je plná vody.

Miska is feminine.

A good clue is the ending -a, because many Czech feminine nouns end in -a.

That matters because adjectives have to agree with it:

• miska → feminine
• therefore plná, not plný

So the noun’s gender directly affects the adjective ending.