Bolí mě rameno.

Literally, it is something like Hurts me shoulder.

That sounds strange in English, but it is a very normal Czech pattern with bolet (to hurt / to ache):

• the thing that hurts = rameno
• the person who feels the pain = mě

So the natural English translation is My shoulder hurts.

Mě is the accusative form of já (I).

With the verb bolet, Czech usually puts the person feeling pain in the accusative:

• Bolí mě hlava. = My head hurts.
• Bolí ho zub. = His tooth hurts.
• Bolí nás záda. = Our backs hurt.

So:

• já = subject form, so it does not fit here
• mi = dative form, but bolet normally takes the experiencer in the accusative
• mě = the correct form here

Here rameno is in the nominative singular.

It is the grammatical subject of the sentence, even though in English we often think of I as the main person in the idea.

So in Czech, the structure is basically:

• rameno = the thing that hurts
• mě = the person affected

A useful way to see this is in the past tense, where agreement is more visible:

• Rameno mě bolelo. = My shoulder hurt.
• Ruka mě bolela. = My arm/hand hurt.

Because Czech very often leaves out possessive words like my, your, his, etc. with body parts when the owner is obvious.

So Bolí mě rameno naturally means My shoulder hurts, not just A shoulder hurts me.

This is very common in Czech:

• Myju si ruce. = I wash my hands.
• Zlomil si nohu. = He broke his leg.
• Bolí mě hlava. = My head hurts.

If you add moje, it usually sounds more emphatic or contrastive, not neutral.

The dictionary form is bolet.

Its present tense is:

• bolím = I hurt / ache
• bolíš = you hurt / ache
• bolí = he/she/it hurts; they hurt
• bolíme
• bolíte
• bolí

In Bolí mě rameno, the subject is rameno, so Czech uses bolí.

Yes. Czech word order is flexible, and changing it usually changes emphasis, not the basic meaning.

For example:

• Bolí mě rameno. = neutral, very natural
• Rameno mě bolí. = puts more focus on rameno
• Mě bolí rameno. = puts more focus on mě, as in my shoulder hurts, not someone else’s

So the original sentence is probably the most neutral version.

Yes, it is grammatical, but it is usually more marked than the simple Bolí mě rameno.

Use moje when you really want to stress ownership or contrast:

• Levé rameno je v pořádku, ale moje pravé rameno mě bolí.

In ordinary conversation, Czech usually prefers the shorter version:

• Bolí mě rameno.

Also, Bolí mě moje rameno sounds more awkward and is much less natural unless there is a very specific contrast.

You keep the same basic pattern.

Examples:

• Bolí mě ramena. = My shoulders hurt.
• Bolí ho rameno. = His shoulder hurts.
• Bolí ji záda. = Her back hurts.
• Bolí nás kolena. = Our knees hurt.

Notice that in the present tense, bolí stays the same in both 3rd person singular and plural.

A careful pronunciation is approximately:

[ˈboli mɲɛ ˈramɛno]

A rough English-friendly guide would be:

BOH-lee mnyeh RAH-meh-noh

A few important points:

• Czech stress is usually on the first syllable of each word.
• í in bolí is a long vowel.
• mě is not pronounced like plain meh; it is closer to mnyeh.

It can mean both hurts and aches, depending on context.

So Bolí mě rameno could mean:

• My shoulder hurts
• My shoulder aches

If you want to add more detail, Czech often just adds extra words:

• Už dva dny mě bolí rameno. = My shoulder has been hurting for two days.
• Strašně mě bolí rameno. = My shoulder hurts a lot.
• Po cvičení mě bolí rameno. = My shoulder hurts after exercise.