Na stole je prach.

Because stole is the locative singular form of stůl (table).

After the preposition na when it means on in a stationary location, Czech uses the locative case:

• stůl = table (dictionary form / nominative)
• na stole = on the table

So in this sentence, stole means on the table, not just table.

In Czech, the preposition na can be used with different cases depending on the meaning.

• na + locative = location, being on something
• na + accusative = movement onto something

So:

• Na stole je prach. = Dust is on the table.
• Dám to na stůl. = I’ll put it onto the table.

Here there is no movement, only location, so na is followed by the locative: stole.

Je is the 3rd person singular form of být (to be), so it means is.

The sentence is literally:

• Na stole = on the table
• je = is
• prach = dust

So the structure is basically On the table is dust, which in natural English is usually There is dust on the table or Dust is on the table.

It can be. Prach je na stole is also grammatically correct.

The difference is mostly word order and emphasis:

• Na stole je prach. = focuses first on the location; very natural for introducing what is there
• Prach je na stole. = focuses more on dust

Czech word order is more flexible than English, and it often reflects what is already known and what is new information.

It is singular.

Prach means dust, which is usually treated as an uncountable mass noun, just like in English. So Czech normally uses the singular here.

If you wanted a plural idea, you would usually use a different word or a different construction, not a plural of prach in this basic meaning.

Czech does not have articles like English a/an and the.

So prach can mean:

• dust
• the dust
• sometimes even some dust

The exact meaning depends on context.

That is why Na stole je prach can naturally mean There is dust on the table without any separate word for there is, a, or the.

Prach is in the nominative singular.

It is the grammatical subject of the sentence:

• Na stole = prepositional phrase
• je = verb
• prach = subject

Even though English often uses there is in this kind of sentence, Czech still uses a normal subject, here prach.

Yes, it is completely normal.

Czech often expresses there is / there are simply with a form of být (to be) plus the thing that exists somewhere:

• Na stole je kniha. = There is a book on the table.
• V pokoji je ticho. = There is silence in the room.
• Na stole je prach. = There is dust on the table.

So this is a standard and natural Czech structure.

In this sentence, normally no.

Czech sometimes leaves out to be in the present tense in very informal styles, headlines, or special contexts, but in an ordinary sentence like this, je should stay:

• Na stole je prach. = normal
• Na stole prach. = not standard as a regular full sentence

So learners should keep je here.

The dictionary form stůl is pronounced roughly like stoool with a long vowel, though the exact Czech sound is not the same as English oo.

When the word is declined, the stem changes:

• stůl → stole

This kind of vowel change is common in Czech declension. So you should learn both the base form and the common case forms together.

For this sentence, the important chunk to remember is simply:

• na stole = on the table

In this sentence, it means on the table.

With some nouns and contexts, Czech prepositions can have meanings that do not match English one-to-one, but na stole in a sentence like Na stole je prach is understood physically: dust is on the surface of the table.

If you want to say at the table in the sense of sitting there, Czech often uses a different expression depending on context, for example:

• u stolu = at the table / by the table

So:

• na stole = on the table
• u stolu = at the table

A very useful pattern is:

• Na + locative + je + noun

This often means:

• There is [noun] on [something].

Examples:

• Na stole je kniha. = There is a book on the table.
• Na zdi je obraz. = There is a picture on the wall.
• Na podlaze je voda. = There is water on the floor.

So Na stole je prach is a good model sentence for both location and existence in Czech.