Bolí mě noha.

In Czech, the most natural way to say that a body part hurts is often:

Bolí mě noha.

Literally, this is something like Hurts me leg, but in natural English it means My leg hurts.

Czech often avoids using possessives like moje with body parts when it is already clear whose body part it is. The word mě shows who is affected, so noha is understood as my leg.

You can say Moje noha bolí, but it sounds less natural in an everyday situation unless you are stressing my leg specifically.

Bolí is the 3rd person singular form of the verb bolet, which means to hurt or to ache.

So:

• bolí = hurts / is hurting / aches

In this sentence, noha is grammatically the thing that hurts, so Czech uses bolí in the singular to agree with noha.

Examples:

• Bolí mě hlava. = My head hurts.
• Bolí mě zub. = My tooth hurts.

Because mě is the correct case form here.

• já = I
• mě = me
• mi = to me

In Bolí mě noha, the person feeling the pain is expressed with mě.

This pattern is very common in Czech:

• Bolí mě ruka. = My arm/hand hurts.
• Bolí mě záda. = My back hurts.

For a learner, the safest thing is to remember the whole pattern:

Bolí mě + body part

rather than trying to translate word-for-word from English.

Because noha is the grammatical subject of the sentence.

Even though English says My leg hurts, Czech structures it as:

• noha = the thing doing the hurting grammatically
• mě = the person affected

So noha stays in the nominative:

• noha = leg

If you changed the subject to plural, the verb would change too:

• Bolí mě nohy. = My legs hurt.

That shows clearly that noha/nohy is the subject.

Usually noha means leg, but in everyday Czech it can sometimes cover foot too, depending on context.

If you want to be more specific:

• noha = leg
• chodidlo = foot sole / foot area
• kotník = ankle
• koleno = knee

So Bolí mě noha is usually understood as My leg hurts, but in some situations a speaker may mean the lower limb more generally.

Because Czech often leaves out possessive words with body parts when the owner is obvious.

Compare:

• Bolí mě hlava. = My head hurts.
• Myju si ruce. = I wash my hands.
• Zlomil si nohu. = He broke his leg.

Using moje is possible, but it usually adds emphasis or contrast:

• Bolí mě moje noha would sound unusual in a normal situation.
• Ne moje ruka, ale moje noha mě bolí would make more sense if you are contrasting body parts.

So in ordinary speech, no possessive is needed.

Yes. Czech word order is flexible, though some orders sound more neutral than others.

The most neutral version is:

• Bolí mě noha.

You might also hear:

• Mě bolí noha.
• Noha mě bolí.

These can shift emphasis:

• Mě bolí noha. may put a bit more focus on me
• Noha mě bolí. may put more focus on leg

For a learner, Bolí mě noha is an excellent default pattern.

A rough English-friendly guide is:

boh-LEE myeh NO-ha

A few details:

• Bolí has stress on the first syllable: BO-lí
• The í is a long vowel
• mě sounds roughly like myeh
• h in Czech is clearly pronounced
• noha is NO-ha, with stress on the first syllable

Important: in Czech, stress is almost always on the first syllable of the word.

You would say:

Bolí mě nohy.

Changes:

• noha → nohy for plural
• bolí stays the same, because this verb form is used for both singular and plural in the present tense 3rd person

So:

• Bolí mě noha. = My leg hurts.
• Bolí mě nohy. = My legs hurt.

A natural question is:

Bolí tě noha?

Here:

• tě = you in the object form
• noha = leg
• bolí = hurts

So the pattern stays the same:

• Bolí mě noha. = My leg hurts.
• Bolí tě noha? = Does your leg hurt?

For formal you, use:

• Bolí vás noha?

It can be used for both.

Bolí mě noha can mean:

• actual pain
• aching
• soreness
• discomfort

It depends on context.

For example, after exercise, injury, or standing all day, this sentence is perfectly natural.

If you want to describe the pain more precisely, you can add words like:

• Hodně mě bolí noha. = My leg hurts a lot.
• Trochu mě bolí noha. = My leg hurts a little.
• Už mě zase bolí noha. = My leg hurts again.

Yes, very many. This is a very common Czech structure.

Examples:

• Bolí mě hlava. = My head hurts.
• Bolí mě ruka. = My arm/hand hurts.
• Bolí mě břicho. = My stomach hurts.
• Bolí mě zuby. = My teeth hurt.
• Bolí mě v krku. = My throat hurts.

So Bolí mě + body part is a very useful pattern to memorize and reuse.