pénzāi fāyá le, méiyǒu kūwěi.

盆栽 literally means a plant grown in a pot or potted plant.

It can sometimes overlap with the idea of bonsai, but it is broader than English bonsai.

• 盆栽 = any plant in a pot, especially one being cultivated or displayed
• 盆景 = more specifically miniature landscape / bonsai-style arrangement

So in this sentence, 盆栽 is best understood as the potted plant.

Yes, 发芽 is a verb meaning to sprout, to bud, or to germinate.

Its parts are:

• 发 = to send out / to produce
• 芽 = bud / sprout

Together, 发芽 means to put out shoots/sprouts. It functions as a normal verb in this sentence:

• 盆栽发芽了 = The potted plant sprouted

Here, 了 marks a new situation or change of state.

So 发芽了 suggests that the plant has now sprouted or sprouted successfully, compared with an earlier state when it had not sprouted yet.

This is very common in Mandarin:

• 下雨了 = It started raining / It is raining now
• 花开了 = The flowers have bloomed
• 发芽了 = It has sprouted

So the 了 is not just a past-tense marker. It often tells you that something has become true.

Because 没有 is the normal negation for:

1. past events, or
2. completed/actual occurrences

Since the sentence says the plant sprouted, the second part is talking about what did not happen: it did not wither.

So:

• 没有枯萎 = did not wither / has not withered

By contrast, 不枯萎 usually means something more like:

• does not wither
• will not wither
• is not prone to withering

So for this sentence, 没有 is the natural choice.

Yes. In everyday Mandarin, 没 is very common and often sounds more natural in conversation.

So these are both fine:

• 盆栽发芽了，没有枯萎。
• 盆栽发芽了，没枯萎。

The version with 没有 is slightly fuller or a bit more formal in tone.

Mandarin often omits repeated subjects when they are already clear from context.

So:

• 盆栽发芽了，没有枯萎。

is understood as:

• 盆栽发芽了，（盆栽）没有枯萎。

English usually prefers to repeat the subject:

• The potted plant sprouted and did not wither.

Mandarin often leaves it out because it would sound unnecessary.

It is basically a continuation of description:
The potted plant sprouted and did not wither.

The comma links two facts about the same subject. Depending on context, the sentence may also carry a slight contrast, like:

• It sprouted and didn’t wither
• It sprouted instead of withering
• It managed to sprout without withering

But grammatically, there is no explicit conjunction like and or but. Mandarin often leaves that relationship for the listener to infer from context.

It is most commonly treated as a verb meaning to wither or to wilt.

For example:

• 花枯萎了 = The flower withered
• 植物没有枯萎 = The plant did not wither

In practice, many Mandarin words can feel a bit flexible between verb-like and adjective-like uses, but in this sentence 枯萎 is best understood as a verb.

Yes, that is possible, but it changes the nuance slightly.

• 盆栽发芽了，没有枯萎。
  = The potted plant sprouted and didn’t wither.

• 盆栽发芽了，也没有枯萎。
  = The potted plant sprouted and also didn’t wither.

Adding 也 gives a stronger sense of also / in addition. Without 也, the sentence is simpler and more neutral.

Yes, it is natural and understandable.

It sounds like a straightforward report of the plant’s condition:

• It sprouted and did not wither.

Depending on context, native speakers might also say:

• 盆栽发芽了，没枯萎。
• 盆栽发芽了，而且没有枯萎。
• 盆栽已经发芽了，还没有枯萎。

But your original sentence is perfectly normal.

The sentence is not marked with an exact tense the way English is. Mandarin usually relies on context plus markers like 了 and 没有.

Here:

• 发芽了 tells us the sprouting has occurred / became true
• 没有枯萎 tells us withering did not occur

So depending on context, you might translate it as:

• The potted plant has sprouted and has not withered.
• The potted plant sprouted and didn’t wither.

Both can be correct in English. Mandarin is often less rigid about tense than English.

Here are the tone patterns:

• 盆栽 — pénzāi — 2nd tone + 1st tone
• 发芽 — fāyá — 1st tone + 2nd tone
• 了 — le — neutral tone
• 没有 — méiyǒu — 2nd tone + 3rd tone
• 枯萎 — kūwěi — 1st tone + 3rd tone

A natural reading would be:

pénzāi fāyá le, méiyǒu kūwěi.

Yes. That is a very good instinct.

With change-of-state 了, 发芽了 often means:

• has sprouted
• started to sprout
• is now sprouting

It does not necessarily mean the process is fully complete. It simply marks that the plant has entered the sprouting state.

So 发芽了 is often closer to:

• It has begun to sprout than to
• It finished sprouting completely