حذائي الجديد تحت الطاولة، وحذاء أمي أمام الباب.

A fully vocalized version is:

حِذائي الجَديدُ تَحتَ الطّاوِلَةِ، وَحِذاءُ أُمِّي أَمامَ البابِ.

A rough pronunciation guide is:

ḥidhā’ī al-jadīdu taḥta aṭ-ṭāwilati, wa-ḥidhā’u ummī amāma al-bābi

In normal reading, especially at the end of phrases, speakers often do not pronounce all final case vowels.

Because in Arabic, present-tense to be is usually not stated.

So:

حذائي الجديد تحت الطاولة
literally looks like my new shoe under the table

but it means:

My new shoe is under the table.

This is a very common Arabic pattern called a nominal sentence.

The ending -ي here means my.

• حذائي = my shoe
• أمي = my mother

This -ī ending is an attached possessive pronoun.

Arabic has more than one way to show possession.

1. Attached pronoun

   • حذائي = my shoe

2. Idāfa (possessive construction)

   • حذاء أمي = my mother’s shoe
   • literally: the shoe of my mother

So the first uses a suffix, and the second uses a noun + noun possessive structure.

Because adjectives normally come after the noun in Arabic.

So:

• حذاء جديد = a new shoe
• حذائي الجديد = my new shoe

This is the opposite of English, where adjectives usually come before the noun.

Because حذائي is already definite by meaning: it means my shoe, and something that belongs to me is specific.

In Arabic, the adjective must match the noun in definiteness.

So:

• حذاء جديد = a new shoe
• الحذاء الجديد = the new shoe
• حذائي الجديد = my new shoe

Even though حذائي does not take الـ, it is still definite because of the possessive ending.

تحت means under/beneath, and أمام means in front of.

They are words of location. In school grammar, they are often treated as adverbs of place (ظروف مكان), but for a learner it is fine to think of them as working much like prepositions.

They are followed by a noun in the genitive:

• تحتَ الطاولةِ
• أمامَ البابِ

In normal Arabic writing without vowel marks, you do not see those case endings.

Because the sentence is referring to a specific table and a specific door:

• الطاولة = the table
• الباب = the door

If you removed الـ, the meaning would be less specific:

• تحت طاولة = under a table
• أمام باب = in front of a door

So الـ here works much like the in English.

It is really two nominal sentences joined by و (and):

1. حذائي الجديد تحت الطاولة
2. حذاء أمي أمام الباب

In each part:

• the noun phrase is the subject/topic
• the place phrase is the predicate/comment

So:

• حذائي الجديد = subject/topic
• تحت الطاولة = predicate/comment

and:

• حذاء أمي = subject/topic
• أمام الباب = predicate/comment

It would come after the whole possessive phrase:

حذاء أمي الجديد

not inside it.

That is because حذاء أمي is one possessive unit (my mother’s shoe), and the adjective comes after that unit.

So:

• حذاء أمي الجديد = my mother’s new shoe

This is a very useful rule for adjectives with idāfa constructions.