صديقي يجيء إلى المقهى بعد العمل.

Arabic often shows possession by attaching a pronoun suffix directly to the noun.

• صديق = friend
• ـي = my

So صديقي literally means friend-my, which in natural English is my friend.

Also, once a noun has a possessive suffix like ـي, it is already definite, so you do not add ال to it.

The verb يجيء is in the imperfect tense, and the prefix يـ usually marks third person masculine singular in this kind of form.

So:

• يجيء = he comes / he is coming

That matches صديقي, because friend here is singular and masculine.

The verb comes from جاء = to come.

In careful MSA pronunciation, it is roughly yajīʾu.

A few useful points:

• يـ = ya
• جي gives a long jī
• ء is a hamza, a glottal stop
• the final ـُ is the normal indicative ending in full reading

In pause, people often stop before the final short vowel, so you may hear something closer to yajīʾ.

Yes. Both يجيء and يأتي can mean comes in Modern Standard Arabic.

• يجيء is fully correct and standard
• يأتي is also very common

Many learners meet يأتي more often in textbooks, while يجيء can feel a bit more literary, but both are good MSA.

Arabic allows both patterns:

• صديقي يجيء إلى المقهى...
• يجيء صديقي إلى المقهى...

Both are grammatical.

The version with the subject first is very natural and often feels like you are making my friend the topic of the sentence. So it is not strange at all for Arabic to begin with the subject.

إلى means to or toward.

So:

• يجيء إلى المقهى = comes to the café

It is the normal preposition for indicating destination with a verb like come.

Also, إلى makes the following noun grammatically genitive.

It is pronounced roughly al-maqhā.

The last letter ى is called alif maqṣūra. Even though it looks different from ا, here it still represents a long ā sound.

So the end of the word sounds like:

• ...hā

That is why المقهى is pronounced al-maqhā.

Not exactly. بعد is originally a noun, but in sentences like this it functions as an adverb of time, meaning after.

So:

• بعدَ العملِ = after work

Grammatically, بعد is followed by another noun in an iḍāfa-type relationship, which is why العمل is in the genitive.

Arabic often uses the definite article ال in places where English uses no article.

So بعد العمل is the normal Arabic way to say after work. It does not necessarily mean a very specific, one-time the work. It can simply refer to the general routine of work or the workday.

If fully vocalized, the sentence can be written as:

صَدِيقِي يَجِيءُ إِلَى المَقْهَى بَعْدَ العَمَلِ

Here is what is happening:

• صديقي is the subject, so it is nominative, but the case ending is not visibly distinct because of the attached ـي
• يجيءُ has ـُ, the normal indicative ending
• المقهى is after إلى, so it is genitive, but that is not visible in the usual spelling because the word ends in ى
• بعدَ is accusative because it functions as an adverb of time
• العملِ is genitive because it is linked to بعد

So some case endings are clear, and some are hidden by the shape of the word.

The Arabic imperfect can express different meanings depending on context:

• comes
• is coming
• will come

In this sentence, the most natural reading is habitual or regular:

• My friend comes to the café after work

That is because after work sounds like a repeated routine. But in a different context, the same verb form could mean is coming or even will come.