أنا متعب الآن، وأريد أن أعود إلى البيت.

I am tired now, and I want to return home.

Breakdown of أنا متعب الآن، وأريد أن أعود إلى البيت.

• انا: I
• الآن: now
• و: and
• الى: to
• يعود: to return
• يريد: to want
• أن: (subordinating particle)
• متعب: tired
• البيت: house/home

Questions & Answers about أنا متعب الآن، وأريد أن أعود إلى البيت.

Why does the sentence start with أنا? Do I always need to say the pronoun I in Arabic?

In Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), the subject pronoun is often optional because the verb can show the subject. But here the first part is a nominal sentence (no verb to be in the present), so Arabic commonly uses أنا to make the subject explicit: أنا متعب = I (am) tired.
You can omit أنا in some contexts (especially in speech or when the subject is obvious), but أنا متعب is very natural and clear.

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Where is the verb to be? How does I am tired work without it?

MSA typically does not use a present-tense verb “to be”. Instead, it uses a nominal sentence:

• أنا متعب literally I tired = I am tired.
  If you needed past or future, then a form of كان (to be) can appear, e.g. كنتُ متعبًا = I was tired.

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Why is it متعب and not something else? What does it mean grammatically?

متعب is an adjective meaning tired. It agrees with the subject in gender and (in fully vowelled/formal contexts) case/indefiniteness. With أنا (a male speaker by default), متعب is masculine singular.

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How would a female speaker say this sentence?

A female speaker would change the adjective to feminine:

• أنا متعبة الآن، وأريد أن أعود إلى البيت.
  (متعبة = feminine form of tired)

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What role does الآن play, and where can it go in the sentence?

الآن means now. It functions as an adverb of time. Common placements include:

• أنا متعب الآن (as given)
• أنا الآن متعب (also correct; slightly more emphasis on now)
  Both are normal in MSA.

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Why is there a comma and و together (، و)? Is that required?

و means and. The comma ، is just punctuation to separate the two clauses, similar to English. It’s not grammatically required, but it’s common in writing. You can also write it without a comma:

• أنا متعب الآن وأريد أن أعود إلى البيت.

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What does أريد mean exactly, and how is it formed?

أريد means I want. It comes from the verb أرادَ (to want).
In the present tense, أريدُ (often written without final vowels) indicates 1st person singular: I want.

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Why do we use أن after أريد?

أن introduces a subordinate verb clause after verbs like want, prefer, hope, etc. In MSA, it typically makes the following verb subjunctive (in fully vowelled Arabic).
So:

• أريد أن أعود = I want to return

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What is the verb form أعود? Is it past or present?

أعود is present tense (imperfect) meaning I return / I go back. With أن before it, it’s understood as to return in English (an infinitive-like meaning):

• أن أعود = to return

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Is أعود the same as أرجع? Which one is more “MSA”?

Both can mean return/go back, but:

• عاد / يعود (as in أعود) is very standard and common in MSA.
• رجع / يرجع (as in أرجع) is also MSA, but often feels more general go back/come back depending on context.
  Your sentence is perfectly MSA with أعود.

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Why is it إلى البيت and not just للبيت?

إلى means to/toward and is a very direct match for to in go/return to.
لِـ (as in للبيت) often means for or to (someone/something as a recipient), and while it can sometimes be used with motion in certain styles/contexts, إلى البيت is the clearest standard choice for to the house/home.

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Why is البيت definite (the house)? Can I say بيت?

البيت literally means the house/the home and is commonly used to mean home in a general, familiar sense.
You can say إلى بيتِي (to my house) if you want to be specific:

• ... أن أعود إلى بيتي. = ... to return to my home.
  Saying إلى بيت (indefinite) would sound like to a house, which is usually not what you mean here.

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How would this sound in fully vowelled (formal) Arabic with case endings?

A common fully vowelled version would be:
أنا مُتْعَبٌ الآنَ، وأُريدُ أنْ أَعُودَ إلى البَيْتِ.
In everyday writing, these final vowels are usually omitted, but it’s useful to know they exist in formal reading and recitation.