يفرم صديقي المكون على لوح التقطيع.

Because this is a normal verbal sentence in Modern Standard Arabic. A very common order is:

• verb
• subject
• object
• then any extra phrase such as a place or tool

So here the pattern is:

• يفرم = verb
• صديقي = subject
• المكون = direct object
• على لوح التقطيع = prepositional phrase

Arabic can also use subject + verb order, but starting with the verb is very common in MSA.

Not exactly. يفرم usually means something like:

• minces
• chops finely
• grinds up

So it is more specific than the general verb يقطع, which just means cuts.

In a cooking context, يفرم often suggests making something into small pieces.

يفرم is in the imperfect form.

In Arabic, the imperfect can express several ideas depending on context, including:

• present: he chops / he is chopping
• habitual: he usually chops
• sometimes near future with extra context

So by itself, يفرم does not force only one English tense. The surrounding context tells you whether it means chops or is chopping.

صديقي means my friend.

It is made of:

• صديق = friend
• -ي = my

So the -ي is a possessive suffix attached directly to the noun.

This is very common in Arabic:

• كتابي = my book
• بيتي = my house
• صديقي = my friend

Because in a normal Arabic verbal sentence, the subject often comes after the verb.

So:

• يفرم صديقي = my friend chops / is chopping

This is standard and natural in MSA.

If you move the subject to the front:

• صديقي يفرم المكون على لوح التقطيع

that is also correct, but it gives the sentence a slightly different emphasis, with more focus on my friend.

Yes. المكون is the direct object of the verb يفرم.

The الـ means the, so المكون means the ingredient or the component, depending on context.

In a cooking sentence, it most naturally means the ingredient.

If you wanted an ingredient instead, Arabic would usually make it indefinite, for example مكوِّنًا in fully vowelled text.

No. المكون can mean different things depending on context, such as:

• ingredient in cooking
• component
• element
• constituent

So this is a good example of a word whose exact English translation depends on the situation.

على means on, and it is used because the action happens on the surface of the cutting board.

So Arabic uses the same basic idea as English here:

• on the cutting board

If Arabic used a different preposition, the meaning would change.

Because لوح التقطيع is an iḍāfa construction, often called a possessive/genitive construction.

Literally, it is something like:

• board of cutting

In an iḍāfa:

• the first noun usually does not take الـ
• the second noun can take الـ

So:

• لوح التقطيع = the cutting board
• literally: board of the cutting

This is a very common Arabic structure.

Their roles are:

• صديقي = subject, so it is nominative
• المكون = direct object, so it is accusative
• لوح comes after على, so it is genitive
• التقطيع is the second noun in the iḍāfa, so it is also genitive

In normal unvowelled Arabic writing, you usually do not see these case endings written out, so learners have to identify them from the sentence structure.

Yes. That is also correct.

Compare the two:

• يفرم صديقي المكون على لوح التقطيع = a normal verbal sentence
• صديقي يفرم المكون على لوح التقطيع = starts with the subject, often giving it more emphasis

Both are grammatical. The choice depends on style, emphasis, and context.