يقرأ صديقي فصلا.

A fully vowelled version is يَقْرَأُ صَدِيقِي فَصْلًا.

A common transliteration is yaqraʾu ṣadīqī faṣlan.

A few pronunciation notes:

• يَقْرَأُ = yaqraʾu
• The ء is a hamza, a brief glottal stop, so yaqraʾu is not the same as yaqrau
• ص is an emphatic s
• فَصْلًا is pronounced faṣlan, not faṣlā

Because Arabic very often uses verb–subject–object order in verbal sentences.

So:

• يقرأ صديقي فصلا = literally reads my friend a chapter

This is normal and natural in Modern Standard Arabic.

English usually prefers subject–verb–object, but Arabic can use both. If you put the subject first, you can also say:

• صديقي يقرأ فصلا

That is also correct, but يقرأ صديقي فصلا is a very standard verbal-sentence pattern.

يقرأ is a present/imperfect tense verb from the root ق ر أ, which is the root connected with reading.

In this sentence, يقرأ is:

• third person
• masculine
• singular

So it means he reads or he is reading, depending on context.

In Arabic, the present tense often covers both:

• he reads
• he is reading

Because صديقي is made of:

• صديق = friend
• ـي = my

So:

• صديقي = my friend

This ـي is an attached possessive pronoun. Arabic uses these suffixes very often:

• كتابي = my book
• بيتي = my house
• صديقي = my friend

It is definite.

Anything with a possessive suffix like ـي becomes definite, because my friend refers to a specific friend.

So compare:

• صديقٌ = a friend
• صديقي = my friend

This is also why صديقي does not take tanwīn.

Even though صديقي is the subject of the sentence, its case ending is not obvious here because of the attached ـي.

In fully marked Arabic, subjects are normally nominative, but with a noun plus ـي the form often looks the same in writing across different cases.

So in this sentence:

• صديقي is still the subject
• grammatically it is nominative
• but the ending does not stand out the way it would in a simple noun like صديقٌ

Also, as mentioned above, it does not take tanwīn because it is possessed and therefore definite.

Because فصلا is the direct object of the verb, and in formal Arabic an indefinite direct object is usually accusative.

So the fully vowelled form is:

• فَصْلًا

That final -an is the accusative tanwīn.

So the structure is:

• يقرأُ = verb
• صديقي = subject
• فصلًا = direct object in the accusative

That extra ا is part of the normal spelling of many words with tanwīn fatḥ.

So:

• فصلًا is written with an extra alif
• but it is pronounced faṣlan, not faṣlā

This written alif is often called the tanwīn alif. It is a spelling feature, not a long vowel you pronounce here.

Because the sentence is using an indefinite object: a chapter, not the chapter.

So:

• فصلًا = a chapter
• الفصلَ = the chapter

Both are possible in Arabic, but they mean different things. The version you have uses the indefinite form.

Usually, no.

In ordinary Arabic writing, you will often see:

• يقرأ صديقي فصلا

without most vowel marks.

In fully vowelled writing, especially in textbooks, children’s materials, dictionaries, or religious texts, you may see:

• يَقْرَأُ صَدِيقِي فَصْلًا

Native readers normally understand the unwritten short vowels from grammar, vocabulary, and context.

Yes. صديق is the usual masculine form for friend.

So:

• صديقي = my male friend

If you want my female friend, you would say:

• صديقتي

So a similar sentence with a female friend could be:

• تقرأ صديقتي فصلا = my female friend reads a chapter