الطلاء الزجاجي قرب فرن الخزف.

A careful reading is roughly:

aṭ-ṭilāʾ az-zujājī qurb(a) furni al-khazaf(i)

A few pronunciation notes:

• الطلاء is pronounced aṭ-ṭilāʾ, not al-ṭilāʾ, because ط is a sun letter, so the l of ال assimilates.
• الزجاجي is pronounced az-zujājī for the same reason: ز is also a sun letter.
• الخزف keeps the l sound of ال, because خ is a moon letter: al-khazaf.

In normal pause, the case endings are often not pronounced, so you may hear something closer to:

aṭ-ṭilāʾ az-zujājī qurb furn al-khazaf

Because Arabic often uses a nominal sentence in the present tense with no written or spoken verb for is/are.

So:

• الطلاء الزجاجي قرب فرن الخزف
• literally: the glass coating near the ceramics kiln
• naturally: The glass coating is near the ceramic kiln.

If you wanted a past-tense was, Arabic would use a verb such as كان.

Because الزجاجي is an adjective describing الطلاء, and in Arabic adjectives agree with the nouns they describe in:

• definiteness
• gender
• number
• case

Here:

• الطلاء = the coating
• الزجاجي = the glass / glassy

Since the noun is definite with الـ, the adjective must also be definite:

• الطلاء الزجاجي = the glass coating

Compare:

• طلاء زجاجي = a glass coating
• الطلاء الزجاجي = the glass coating

زجاجي is an adjective formed from زجاج (glass). This kind of adjective is often called a nisba adjective.

So:

• زجاج = glass
• زجاجي = glass / glassy / made of glass

In this sentence, الزجاجي describes the type or nature of the coating.

This is different from a noun-noun phrase like:

• طلاء الزجاج

which would more naturally mean the coating of the glass or glass coating in the sense of coating something made of glass, depending on context.

Here قرب means near and functions like an adverbial/preposition-like word of place.

So:

• قرب فرن الخزف = near the ceramic kiln

In this structure, قرب is followed directly by a noun in the genitive.

That is why you do not need من here.

A different but very common alternative is:

• قريب من فرن الخزف = near the ceramic kiln

So both are possible, but they are different structures:

• قرب + noun
• قريب من + noun

Because فرن الخزف is an iḍāfa construction, often called a construct phrase:

• فرن = kiln/oven
• الخزف = ceramics/pottery
• فرن الخزف = the kiln of ceramics / the pottery kiln

This often expresses purpose or association: a kiln for ceramics.

By contrast, الخزفي would be an adjective:

• الفرن الخزفي = the ceramic kiln/oven

That can be grammatical too, but it gives a slightly different feel: it describes the kiln as ceramic rather than saying it is the kiln for ceramics.

So in many contexts:

• فرن الخزف = kiln used for pottery/ceramics
• فرن خزفي / الفرن الخزفي = ceramic kiln, with an adjectival nuance

Yes. In an iḍāfa phrase, the first noun often does not take الـ, and the definiteness of the whole phrase depends on the second noun.

So:

• فرن خزف = a ceramics kiln / a kiln for ceramics
• فرن الخزف = the ceramics kiln / the pottery kiln

This is a very common Arabic pattern. Another example:

• باب البيت = the door of the house / the house door

Even though باب has no الـ, the whole phrase is definite because البيت is definite.

A fully vocalized version could be:

الطِّلاءُ الزُّجاجِيُّ قُرْبَ فُرْنِ الخَزَفِ.

This shows the grammar more clearly:

• الطِّلاءُ — nominative, because it is the subject/topic
• الزُّجاجِيُّ — nominative adjective agreeing with الطِّلاء
• قُرْبَ — an adverbial word of place, here in the accusative
• فُرْنِ — genitive after قرب
• الخَزَفِ — genitive as the second part of the iḍāfa

In normal Arabic writing, these short vowels are usually omitted.

In context, it works naturally as a full sentence meaning:

The glass coating is near the ceramic kiln.

That said, because Arabic allows verbless present-tense sentences, the same words could also look a bit like a label, note, or caption if taken out of context.

So the key point is:

• as normal prose with a period, it is read as a sentence
• structurally, it is a nominal sentence without an explicit is