تذهب الحافلة تجاه الشاطئ اليوم.

Because الحافلة is grammatically feminine singular, so the verb agrees with it.

• تذهب = she/it goes
• يذهب = he/it goes for a masculine singular noun

In Arabic, many inanimate nouns still have grammatical gender. Since حافلة is feminine, the verb takes the feminine form: تذهب.

Arabic gender is grammatical, not always based on real-world sex.

حافلة is a feminine noun, and one clue is the ending ـة (taa marbuuTa), which very often marks feminine nouns.

So even though a bus is an object, Arabic still treats الحافلة as feminine, and that affects agreement:

• الحافلة تذهب
• not الحافلة يذهب

The Arabic imperfect form can refer to present or future, depending on context.

So تذهب can mean:

• goes
• is going
• sometimes will go, if the context points to the future

In this sentence, اليوم helps anchor the time, so the meaning is understood from context. If you wanted to make the future especially clear, you could say:

• ستذهب الحافلة...
• سوف تذهب الحافلة...

Both make the future more explicit.

Yes, you can.

Arabic commonly allows both:

• تذهب الحافلة تجاه الشاطئ اليوم
• الحافلة تذهب تجاه الشاطئ اليوم

The first is a verb-subject order, which is very common in MSA. The second is a subject-verb order, which is also correct.

The difference is usually about style or emphasis more than basic meaning. Starting with the verb can sound a bit more narrative or neutral, while starting with الحافلة gives the subject slightly more focus.

تجاه means toward, in the direction of, or facing toward, depending on context.

In this sentence, it gives the direction of movement:

• تجاه الشاطئ = toward the beach

Learners often compare it with إلى:

• إلى = to
• تجاه = toward / in the direction of

So تجاه can sometimes feel a little less final than إلى. It emphasizes direction rather than arrival.

It behaves a lot like a preposition in sentences like this, but traditionally Arabic grammar often analyzes it as a noun of direction / adverbial expression rather than a simple preposition.

That is why, in fully vocalized Arabic, you may see:

• تِجاهَ الشاطئِ

Here:

• تجاهَ has an accusative ending
• الشاطئِ is genitive

For a learner, the most useful practical idea is:

• treat تجاه as meaning toward
• expect the following noun to appear in the form you see in الشاطئِ

That final ئ is a hamza written on a yaa-seat.

The word is شاطئ. Arabic hamza spelling depends on spelling rules, especially the surrounding vowels. Here the hamza is written as ئ.

So:

• شاطئ = beach
• with ال: الشاطئ

This is mainly an orthographic issue. You do not need to think of the final ئ as a separate letter with its own meaning; it is just the way the hamza is written in this word.

Because Arabic has moon letters and sun letters.

• In الحافلة, the ح is a moon letter, so ال is pronounced clearly:
  al-ḥāfila

• In الشاطئ, the ش is a sun letter, so the ل of ال is assimilated:
  ash-shāṭiʾ, not al-shāṭiʾ

So even though both words are written with ال, they are pronounced differently.

In fully vocalized MSA, the sentence would typically be written as:

تَذْهَبُ الحافِلَةُ تِجاهَ الشّاطِئِ اليَوْمَ

The endings are:

• تذهبُ — final ـُ because it is a normal indicative imperfect verb
• الحافلةُ — nominative, because it is the subject
• تجاهَ — usually accusative in this analysis
• الشاطئِ — genitive
• اليومَ — accusative as an adverb of time

In everyday Arabic writing, these short vowels are usually omitted, so learners have to infer them from grammar.

Yes, it can go elsewhere. Arabic is fairly flexible with adverbs of time.

All of these are possible:

• تذهب الحافلة تجاه الشاطئ اليوم
• اليوم تذهب الحافلة تجاه الشاطئ
• تذهب اليوم الحافلة تجاه الشاطئ

The version with اليوم at the end is very natural and neutral. Moving اليوم earlier can give it more emphasis.

Yes, Arabic often allows that.

Since تذهب already contains a subject meaning she/it, you could say:

• تذهب تجاه الشاطئ اليوم

if the subject is already understood from context.

But when you explicitly say الحافلة, you are naming the subject clearly. So both are possible:

• تذهب الحافلة تجاه الشاطئ اليوم = the bus goes toward the beach today
• تذهب تجاه الشاطئ اليوم = it/she goes toward the beach today

The second depends more on context.