هذا مشرف الفريق.

In Arabic, sentences like this is X usually do not use a present-tense word for is.

So:

هذا مشرف الفريق
literally looks like: this + supervisor of the team

But in natural English, it means:

This is the team supervisor.

This is very normal in Arabic.
If you wanted was or will be, then Arabic would use other words such as كان for was.

هذا means this for a masculine singular noun or person.

Here, it points to a specific male person:

هذا = this
مشرف = supervisor

So the structure is basically:

This [is] the team supervisor.

Because مشرف is masculine singular, هذا is the correct demonstrative.

Arabic demonstratives must match the gender of the noun they refer to.

• هذا = this (masculine singular)
• هذه = this (feminine singular)

Since مشرف means a male supervisor, Arabic uses هذا.

If the supervisor were female, you would say:

هذه مشرفة الفريق
= This is the team’s female supervisor / This is the team supervisor (female)

This is because مشرف الفريق is an iḍāfa construction, often called a construct phrase.

In an iḍāfa:

• the first noun comes without الـ
• the second noun tells you whose or what kind of thing it is

So:

• مشرف = supervisor
• الفريق = the team

Together:

مشرف الفريق = supervisor of the team = the team supervisor

Even though مشرف does not have الـ, the whole phrase is definite because الفريق is definite.

They form a possession/association phrase:

مشرف الفريق
literally: supervisor of the team

This does not mean the team supervises something.
It means the person is the supervisor belonging to or connected with the team.

This kind of structure is extremely common in Arabic, for example:

• مدير المدرسة = the school principal / director of the school
• باب البيت = the door of the house
• كتاب الطالب = the student’s book

A common pronunciation is:

hādhā mushrif al-farīq

A fuller grammatical pronunciation with case endings is:

hādhā mushrifu l-farīqi

A few pronunciation notes:

• هذا = hādhā
• the letter ذ sounds like th in this
• مشرف = mushrif
• الفريق = al-farīq

So the whole sentence sounds approximately like:

HAA-thaa MUSH-rif al-fa-REEQ

Yes. In fully vocalized MSA, the sentence would be:

هٰذَا مُشْرِفُ الْفَرِيقِ

The important endings are:

• مشرفُ with -u because it is the predicate of the sentence, so it is in the nominative
• الفريقِ with -i because it is the second part of an iḍāfa, so it is in the genitive

In normal Arabic writing, these short vowels are usually not written.
And in pause, speakers often do not pronounce the final short vowel clearly.

Yes. That is also correct.

• هذا مشرف الفريق = This is the team supervisor
• هذا هو مشرف الفريق = This is the team supervisor

The word هو here is not required, but it can add emphasis or make the sentence feel a little clearer or more explicit.

So:

• without هو = simple and very normal
• with هو = also normal, sometimes slightly more emphatic

You would change the demonstrative.

For a masculine singular person:

• هذا = this
• ذلك = that

So:

ذلك مشرف الفريق
= That is the team supervisor

The rest of the sentence stays the same.

No. هذا can be used for any masculine singular noun, whether it refers to a person or a thing.

For example:

• هذا رجل = this is a man
• هذا كتاب = this is a book
• هذا مشرف الفريق = this is the team supervisor

What matters is the grammatical gender and number of the noun, not whether it is a person or an object.