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### Mixed Verbs

German has a small group of **mixed verbs** that combine features of regular and irregular verbs: their stem vowel changes, but their past participle takes the regular **-t** ending.

For example, **denken** (to think) becomes **gedacht**. It is often paired with **daran** (about it).

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### Knowing in the Past

Two common mixed verbs express knowledge:
- **wissen** (to know a fact) becomes **gewusst**.
- **kennen** (to know a place or person) becomes **gekannt**.

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### The "-ennen" Pattern

Several mixed verbs ending in **-ennen** change to **-annt** in the past participle:
- **brennen** (to burn) -> **gebrannt**
- **nennen** (to name / to call) -> **genannt**
- **rennen** (to run) -> **gerannt**

Remember that verbs of motion, like **rennen**, use a form of **sein** as their helper verb instead of **haben**.

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### Other Common Mixed Verbs

**bringen** (to bring) is another essential mixed verb. Like **denken**, its past participle ends in **-acht** to become **gebracht**.

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The perfect tense: mixed verbs (gebracht, gekannt)

adjective

adverb

auxiliary verb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Definite articles and gender (der, die, das)

Indefinite articles (ein, eine)

Regular verbs and statement word order (ich -e, er -t)

The second person (du -st, Sie -en)

Yes/No questions

The verb 'to have' (habe, hast, hat)

Plural pronouns and regular verbs (wir, ihr, sie)

Plural 'to be' and 'to have' (sind, haben)

Plural nouns and the plural article (die)

Sentence negation (nicht)

Noun negation (kein, keine)

Question words (wer, was, wo, wie)

Numbers 0 to 12 (null, eins, zwei)

The accusative case (den, die, das)

Indefinite accusative articles (einen, keinen)

Direct object pronouns (mich, dich, ihn)

There is / there are (es gibt)

Vowel changes: e to i/ie (er spricht, sie liest)

Vowel changes: a to ä (er fährt)

Weather and conditions (es regnet)

First- and second-person possessives in the nominative (mein, dein, Ihr)

First- and second-person possessives in the accusative (meinen, deinen, Ihren)

Third-person and plural possessives (sein, ihr, unser, euer)

Possession with names (Annas Auto)

Demonstrative pronouns (dieser, diese, dieses)

Expressing preference (gern, lieber)

Asking about direction and origin (woher, wohin)

Expressing ability (können)

Polite requests (möchten)

Expressing intention (wollen)

Modal verbs of obligation and permission (müssen, dürfen)

Separable prefix verbs

Adverbs of frequency (immer, oft, manchmal, nie)

The Dative case and definite articles (dem, der, den)

Dative indefinite and negative articles (einem, einer, keinem)

Dative personal pronouns (mir, dir, ihm, ihr...)

Dative verbs (helfen, danken, gefallen, schmecken)

Dative prepositions (aus, bei, mit, nach...)

Accusative prepositions (für, ohne, gegen)

Two-way prepositions for location (in, an, auf...)

Informal singular imperative (mach, komm)

Plural and formal imperative (macht, machen Sie)

Coordinating conjunctions (und, oder, aber, denn)

Simple past of sein and haben (war, hatte)

The perfect tense: regular verbs (gemacht, gespielt)

Past tense: irregular verbs (ge-...-en)

The perfect tense with sein (ist gegangen)

The perfect tense: separable verbs (eingekauft)

The perfect tense: inseparable and -ieren verbs (besucht, studiert)

Informal singular commands (mach, lern)

Numbers 13 to 20 (dreizehn to zwanzig)

Counting by tens to 100 (dreißig, vierzig)

Telling time (Uhr, halb, Viertel, vor, nach)

Numbers 21 to 99 (einundzwanzig, zweiunddreißig)

Greetings and farewells

Thank you, sorry and good wishes

Everyday replies

Numbers 100 to 1,000,000 (hundert, tausend...)

Becoming and getting (werden)

The impersonal pronoun (man)

Indefinite pronouns (jemand, niemand...)

Time sequence prepositions (vor, nach, bei)

Time span prepositions (von... bis, seit, für)

Adverbs of sequence (zuerst, dann, danach)

Two-way prepositions for direction (in, auf, an...)

Directional adverbs (hin, her)

Placement verbs (setzen, stellen, legen)

Months of the year (Januar, Februar)

The four seasons (Frühling, Sommer)

Time prepositions and indefinite pronouns (an, in, um)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 19th (am ersten)

Ordinals 20th and beyond (-ste, -sten)

Placement vs. location verbs (stellen vs. stehen)

Accusative reflexive pronouns (mich, dich, sich)

Accusative reflexive verbs (sich freuen)

Dative reflexive pronouns (mir, dir, sich)

Dative reflexive verbs (sich etwas merken)

Ordinal numbers 11th to 19th (-te)

Temporal prepositions (an, in, um)

Double objects with nouns

Double objects with pronouns

The modal verb for advice (sollen)

Simple past of modal verbs (musste, wollte...)

Simple past of common irregulars (wurde, wusste, es gab)

Adverbial connectors of consequence (deshalb, darum...)

Subordinate clauses for statements (dass)

Subordinate clauses for reasons (weil)

Question	Answer
about it / of it	daran
to think	denken
I thought about it.	Ich habe daran gedacht.
What did he think?	Was hat er gedacht?
the answer	die Antwort
to know (a fact)	wissen
Who knew the answer?	Wer hat die Antwort gewusst?
the secret	das Geheimnis
We did not know the secret.	Wir haben das Geheimnis nicht gewusst.
to run	rennen
Where did you run to?	Wohin bist du gerannt?
The dog ran fast.	Der Hund ist schnell gerannt.
to name	nennen
He called me a friend.	Er hat mich einen Freund genannt.
What did she name the cat?	Wie hat sie die Katze genannt?
the fire	das Feuer
to burn	brennen
The fire burned for a long time.	Das Feuer hat lange gebrannt.
Did the house burn?	Hat das Haus gebrannt?
Did you think about it?	Habt ihr daran gedacht?
We saw the fire yesterday.	Wir haben das Feuer gestern gesehen.
the way	der Weg
I knew the way.	Ich habe den Weg gekannt.
Did you know the way?	Hast du den Weg gekannt?
Who brought the wine?	Wer hat den Wein gebracht?
He knew the secret.	Er hat das Geheimnis gewusst.
We looked for the answer.	Wir haben die Antwort gesucht.
to be right	recht haben
You are right.	Du hast recht.
The teacher is right, the answer is wrong.	Der Lehrer hat recht, die Antwort ist falsch.

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