Learn German: Hat das Haus gebrannt?

That is a great guess! Normally, regular verbs form the past participle with ge- at the start and -t at the end. However, brennen is a mixed verb. It uses the regular ge- and -t, but the vowel in the middle changes from 'e' to 'a', making it gebrannt.

Why is gebrannt at the very end of the sentence?

In German, the spoken past tense (Perfekt) splits the verbs. The helper verb (hat) normally goes in the second position, but it moves to the very first position for a yes/no question like this one. The past participle (gebrannt) gets pushed to the very end of the sentence.

The translation says 'Did the house burn?', but doesn't hat ... gebrannt literally mean 'has ... burned'?

Yes, literally it translates to 'Has the house burned?' In spoken German, the Perfekt tense (hat gebrannt) is the standard way to talk about the past. It translates to both 'has burned' and 'did burn' (or simply 'burned') in English, depending on what sounds most natural in the context.

Why do we use hat instead of ist?