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### Verbs Ending in -ieren

Most German past participles start with the prefix **ge-**. However, verbs ending in **-ieren** skip it.

To form the past participle of an **-ieren** verb, simply take the verb stem and add **-t**. No **ge-** is needed!

- **studieren** → **studiert**
- **diskutieren** → **diskutiert**

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Use this exact same pattern for other **-ieren** verbs, like **reservieren** (to reserve), **reparieren** (to repair), and **fotografieren** (to photograph).

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Another very common **-ieren** verb is **probieren** (to try or taste).

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### Inseparable Prefix Verbs

The second major exception is inseparable verbs. Because an inseparable prefix (like **be-**, **ent-**, or **ver-**) is permanently attached to the front of the word, there is no room for **ge-**. 

For example, **verkaufen** (to sell) simply becomes **verkauft**.

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Verbs starting with the prefix **be-** follow the same rule. Whether you are visiting someone (**besuchen**), paying a bill (**bezahlen**), or ordering a drink (**bestellen**), just skip the **ge-**.

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The perfect tense: inseparable and -ieren verbs (besucht, studiert)

adjective

adverb

auxiliary verb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Definite articles and gender (der, die, das)

Indefinite articles (ein, eine)

Regular verbs and statement word order (ich -e, er -t)

The second person (du -st, Sie -en)

Yes/No questions

The verb 'to have' (habe, hast, hat)

Plural pronouns and regular verbs (wir, ihr, sie)

Plural 'to be' and 'to have' (sind, haben)

Plural nouns and the plural article (die)

Sentence negation (nicht)

Noun negation (kein, keine)

Question words (wer, was, wo, wie)

Numbers 0 to 12 (null, eins, zwei)

The accusative case (den, die, das)

Indefinite accusative articles (einen, keinen)

Direct object pronouns (mich, dich, ihn)

There is / there are (es gibt)

Vowel changes: e to i/ie (er spricht, sie liest)

Vowel changes: a to ä (er fährt)

Weather and conditions (es regnet)

First- and second-person possessives in the nominative (mein, dein, Ihr)

First- and second-person possessives in the accusative (meinen, deinen, Ihren)

Third-person and plural possessives (sein, ihr, unser, euer)

Possession with names (Annas Auto)

Demonstrative pronouns (dieser, diese, dieses)

Expressing preference (gern, lieber)

Asking about direction and origin (woher, wohin)

Expressing ability (können)

Polite requests (möchten)

Expressing intention (wollen)

Modal verbs of obligation and permission (müssen, dürfen)

Separable prefix verbs

Adverbs of frequency (immer, oft, manchmal, nie)

The Dative case and definite articles (dem, der, den)

Dative indefinite and negative articles (einem, einer, keinem)

Dative personal pronouns (mir, dir, ihm, ihr...)

Dative verbs (helfen, danken, gefallen, schmecken)

Dative prepositions (aus, bei, mit, nach...)

Accusative prepositions (für, ohne, gegen)

Two-way prepositions for location (in, an, auf...)

Informal singular imperative (mach, komm)

Plural and formal imperative (macht, machen Sie)

Coordinating conjunctions (und, oder, aber, denn)

Simple past of sein and haben (war, hatte)

The perfect tense: regular verbs (gemacht, gespielt)

Past tense: irregular verbs (ge-...-en)

The perfect tense: mixed verbs (gebracht, gekannt)

The perfect tense with sein (ist gegangen)

The perfect tense: separable verbs (eingekauft)

Informal singular commands (mach, lern)

Numbers 13 to 20 (dreizehn to zwanzig)

Counting by tens to 100 (dreißig, vierzig)

Telling time (Uhr, halb, Viertel, vor, nach)

Numbers 21 to 99 (einundzwanzig, zweiunddreißig)

Greetings and farewells

Thank you, sorry and good wishes

Everyday replies

Numbers 100 to 1,000,000 (hundert, tausend...)

Becoming and getting (werden)

The impersonal pronoun (man)

Indefinite pronouns (jemand, niemand...)

Time sequence prepositions (vor, nach, bei)

Time span prepositions (von... bis, seit, für)

Adverbs of sequence (zuerst, dann, danach)

Two-way prepositions for direction (in, auf, an...)

Directional adverbs (hin, her)

Placement verbs (setzen, stellen, legen)

Months of the year (Januar, Februar)

The four seasons (Frühling, Sommer)

Time prepositions and indefinite pronouns (an, in, um)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 19th (am ersten)

Ordinals 20th and beyond (-ste, -sten)

Placement vs. location verbs (stellen vs. stehen)

Accusative reflexive pronouns (mich, dich, sich)

Accusative reflexive verbs (sich freuen)

Dative reflexive pronouns (mir, dir, sich)

Dative reflexive verbs (sich etwas merken)

Ordinal numbers 11th to 19th (-te)

Temporal prepositions (an, in, um)

Double objects with nouns

Double objects with pronouns

The modal verb for advice (sollen)

Simple past of modal verbs (musste, wollte...)

Simple past of common irregulars (wurde, wusste, es gab)

Adverbial connectors of consequence (deshalb, darum...)

Subordinate clauses for statements (dass)

Subordinate clauses for reasons (weil)

Question	Answer
to study	studieren
My brother studied in Germany.	Mein Bruder hat in Deutschland studiert.
the university	die Universität
Did you study at the university?	Habt ihr an der Universität studiert?
to discuss	diskutieren
Anna and Peter discussed the project.	Anna und Peter haben das Projekt diskutiert.
We often discussed the problem with the boss.	Wir haben das Problem oft mit dem Chef diskutiert.
the seat / the place	der Platz
to reserve	reservieren
I reserved a seat yesterday.	Ich habe gestern einen Platz reserviert.
Did you reserve the seat for me?	Hast du den Platz für mich reserviert?
to repair	reparieren
My father repaired the bicycle.	Mein Vater hat das Fahrrad repariert.
We already repaired the computer.	Wir haben den Computer schon repariert.
to photograph	fotografieren
He took pictures of the family.	Er hat die Familie fotografiert.
It is cold, but we took pictures outside.	Es ist kalt, aber wir haben draußen fotografiert.
the photo	das Foto
The photo is beautiful.	Das Foto ist wunderschön.
Did you see the photo?	Hast du das Foto gesehen?
to sell	verkaufen
When did you sell your laptop?	Wann hast du deinen Laptop verkauft?
We sold our house.	Wir haben unser Haus verkauft.
to try / to taste (to sample)	probieren
Did you try the cake?	Habt ihr den Kuchen probiert?
I tried the wine from Italy.	Ich habe den Wein aus Italien probiert.
She paid the bill.	Sie hat die Rechnung bezahlt.
I ordered a beer.	Ich habe ein Bier bestellt.
We visited my grandpa.	Wir haben meinen Opa besucht.
I visited the university yesterday.	Ich habe gestern die Universität besucht.
the shop assistant, the salesman	der Verkäufer
The shop assistant sells fruit.	Der Verkäufer verkauft Obst.
I am asking the shop assistant.	Ich frage den Verkäufer.
the till, the checkout	die Kasse
I pay at the checkout.	Ich bezahle an der Kasse.
The shop assistant is standing at the checkout.	Der Verkäufer steht an der Kasse.

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