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When describing locations relative to landmarks like peaks, rivers, or trails, use these specific spatial prepositions. They all take the **genitive case**.

As a reminder for the genitive case:
- **Masculine and Neuter:** The article becomes *des*, and the noun usually gets an *-s* or *-es* ending.
- **Feminine and Plural:** The article becomes *der*, and the noun ending does not change.

### Above and Below: oberhalb and unterhalb

Use **oberhalb** (above) and **unterhalb** (below) to describe a location's vertical position relative to a landmark.

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### Sides of a Boundary: diesseits and jenseits

When a feature like a river or mountain acts as a dividing line, use **diesseits** (on this side of) and **jenseits** (beyond / on the other side of).

{{item:883216}}

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Notice how the masculine nouns *der Fluss* and *der Hang* become *des Flusses* and *des Hanges* in the genitive case.

### Off the Beaten Path: abseits

Use **abseits** (away from / off) to describe a location removed from a specific line like a road or trail.

{{item:883219}}

You can even combine these prepositions to give precise directions:

{{item:883229}}

Spatial genitive prepositions (oberhalb, jenseits)

adjective

adverb

auxiliary verb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Definite articles and gender (der, die, das)

Indefinite articles (ein, eine)

Regular verbs and statement word order (ich -e, er -t)

The second person (du -st, Sie -en)

Yes/No questions

The verb 'to have' (habe, hast, hat)

Plural pronouns and regular verbs (wir, ihr, sie)

Plural 'to be' and 'to have' (sind, haben)

Plural nouns and the plural article (die)

Sentence negation (nicht)

Noun negation (kein, keine)

Question words (wer, was, wo, wie)

Numbers 0 to 12 (null, eins, zwei)

The accusative case (den, die, das)

Indefinite accusative articles (einen, keinen)

Direct object pronouns (mich, dich, ihn)

There is / there are (es gibt)

Vowel changes: e to i/ie (er spricht, sie liest)

Vowel changes: a to ä (er fährt)

Weather and conditions (es regnet)

First- and second-person possessives in the nominative (mein, dein, Ihr)

First- and second-person possessives in the accusative (meinen, deinen, Ihren)

Third-person and plural possessives (sein, ihr, unser, euer)

Possession with names (Annas Auto)

Demonstrative pronouns (dieser, diese, dieses)

Expressing preference (gern, lieber)

Asking about direction and origin (woher, wohin)

Expressing ability (können)

Polite requests (möchten)

Expressing intention (wollen)

Modal verbs of obligation and permission (müssen, dürfen)

Separable prefix verbs

Adverbs of frequency (immer, oft, manchmal, nie)

The Dative case and definite articles (dem, der, den)

Dative indefinite and negative articles (einem, einer, keinem)

Dative personal pronouns (mir, dir, ihm, ihr...)

Dative verbs (helfen, danken, gefallen, schmecken)

Dative prepositions (aus, bei, mit, nach...)

Accusative prepositions (für, ohne, gegen)

Two-way prepositions for location (in, an, auf...)

Informal singular imperative (mach, komm)

Plural and formal imperative (macht, machen Sie)

Coordinating conjunctions (und, oder, aber, denn)

Simple past of sein and haben (war, hatte)

The perfect tense: regular verbs (gemacht, gespielt)

Past tense: irregular verbs (ge-...-en)

The perfect tense: mixed verbs (gebracht, gekannt)

The perfect tense with sein (ist gegangen)

The perfect tense: separable verbs (eingekauft)

The perfect tense: inseparable and -ieren verbs (besucht, studiert)

Informal singular commands (mach, lern)

Numbers 13 to 20 (dreizehn to zwanzig)

Counting by tens to 100 (dreißig, vierzig)

Telling time (Uhr, halb, Viertel, vor, nach)

Numbers 21 to 99 (einundzwanzig, zweiunddreißig)

Greetings and farewells

Thank you, sorry and good wishes

Everyday replies

Numbers 100 to 1,000,000 (hundert, tausend...)

Becoming and getting (werden)

The impersonal pronoun (man)

Indefinite pronouns (jemand, niemand...)

Time sequence prepositions (vor, nach, bei)

Time span prepositions (von... bis, seit, für)

Adverbs of sequence (zuerst, dann, danach)

Two-way prepositions for direction (in, auf, an...)

Directional adverbs (hin, her)

Placement verbs (setzen, stellen, legen)

Months of the year (Januar, Februar)

The four seasons (Frühling, Sommer)

Time prepositions and indefinite pronouns (an, in, um)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 19th (am ersten)

Ordinals 20th and beyond (-ste, -sten)

Placement vs. location verbs (stellen vs. stehen)

Accusative reflexive pronouns (mich, dich, sich)

Accusative reflexive verbs (sich freuen)

Dative reflexive pronouns (mir, dir, sich)

Dative reflexive verbs (sich etwas merken)

Ordinal numbers 11th to 19th (-te)

Temporal prepositions (an, in, um)

Double objects with nouns

Double objects with pronouns

The modal verb for advice (sollen)

Simple past of modal verbs (musste, wollte...)

Simple past of common irregulars (wurde, wusste, es gab)

Adverbial connectors of consequence (deshalb, darum...)

Subordinate clauses for statements (dass)

Question	Answer
the national park	der Nationalpark
above / above the	oberhalb
The national park was founded above the city.	Der Nationalpark wurde oberhalb der Stadt gegründet.
below / below the	unterhalb
the summit / the peak	der Gipfel
In case it snows, we are staying below the peak.	Falls es schneit, bleiben wir unterhalb des Gipfels.
beyond / on the other side of the	jenseits
Beyond the river lies a dark forest.	Jenseits des Flusses liegt ein dunkler Wald.
off (location) / away from the	abseits
the trail / the path	der Pfad
We are hiking away from the trail whose destination is secret.	Wir wandern abseits des Pfades, dessen Ziel geheim ist.
on this side of the	diesseits
the slope / the hillside	der Hang
What kind of animal lives on this side of the slope?	Was für ein Tier lebt diesseits des Hanges?
Before it rains, we are setting up a tent above the waterfall.	Bevor es regnet, bauen wir ein Zelt oberhalb des Wasserfalls auf.
The bear was seen beyond the valley.	Der Bär wurde jenseits des Tals gesehen.
In case it gets dark, we will wait below the cliff.	Falls es dunkel wird, warten wir unterhalb der Klippe.
On this side of the lake, there are many flowers.	Diesseits des Sees gibt es viele Blumen.
They have found a cave away from the village.	Sie haben eine Höhle abseits des Dorfes gefunden.
The trail whose condition is bad ends below the castle.	Der Pfad, dessen Zustand schlecht ist, endet unterhalb der Burg.
We are parking the car away from the street, on this side of the forest.	Wir parken das Auto abseits der Straße, diesseits des Waldes.
the stream / the brook	der Bach
The stream lies below the slope in the national park.	Der Bach liegt unterhalb des Hanges im Nationalpark.
We see the stream beyond the summit.	Wir sehen den Bach jenseits des Gipfels.
the vicinity, the closeness	die Nähe
The closeness to the station was important to us.	Die Nähe zum Bahnhof war uns wichtig.
There is a small lake nearby.	In der Nähe gibt es einen kleinen See.
distant, away	entfernt
The airport is twenty kilometres away.	Der Flughafen ist zwanzig Kilometer entfernt.
She lives in a far-off village.	Sie wohnt in einem weit entfernten Dorf.

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