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### Welcome to the Lecture Hall

Let's set the scene before our absent-minded professor arrives:

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### Reversing and Removing with **ent-**

The inseparable prefix **ent-** indicates removal, reversal, or separation. It undoes a base action or takes something away.

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### Making Mistakes with **ver-**

The prefix **ver-** often shows that an action was done incorrectly or by mistake. Notice that many of these "mistake" verbs are reflexive (using pronouns like **sich**).

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### Breaking Things with **zer-**

The prefix **zer-** conveys that something is being destroyed, ruined, or broken into pieces.

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### Inseparable Prefixes in the Past Tense

As a reminder, verbs with inseparable prefixes do not add the **ge-** prefix when forming the past participle. Note that many of these verbs are strong, meaning they change their stem vowels in the past tenses.

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Prefixes of mistake and change (ver-)

adjective

adverb

auxiliary verb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Definite articles and gender (der, die, das)

Indefinite articles (ein, eine)

Regular verbs and statement word order (ich -e, er -t)

The second person (du -st, Sie -en)

Yes/No questions

The verb 'to have' (habe, hast, hat)

Plural pronouns and regular verbs (wir, ihr, sie)

Plural 'to be' and 'to have' (sind, haben)

Plural nouns and the plural article (die)

Sentence negation (nicht)

Noun negation (kein, keine)

Question words (wer, was, wo, wie)

Numbers 0 to 12 (null, eins, zwei)

The accusative case (den, die, das)

Indefinite accusative articles (einen, keinen)

Direct object pronouns (mich, dich, ihn)

There is / there are (es gibt)

Vowel changes: e to i/ie (er spricht, sie liest)

Vowel changes: a to ä (er fährt)

Weather and conditions (es regnet)

First- and second-person possessives in the nominative (mein, dein, Ihr)

First- and second-person possessives in the accusative (meinen, deinen, Ihren)

Third-person and plural possessives (sein, ihr, unser, euer)

Possession with names (Annas Auto)

Demonstrative pronouns (dieser, diese, dieses)

Expressing preference (gern, lieber)

Asking about direction and origin (woher, wohin)

Expressing ability (können)

Polite requests (möchten)

Expressing intention (wollen)

Modal verbs of obligation and permission (müssen, dürfen)

Separable prefix verbs

Adverbs of frequency (immer, oft, manchmal, nie)

The Dative case and definite articles (dem, der, den)

Dative indefinite and negative articles (einem, einer, keinem)

Dative personal pronouns (mir, dir, ihm, ihr...)

Dative verbs (helfen, danken, gefallen, schmecken)

Dative prepositions (aus, bei, mit, nach...)

Accusative prepositions (für, ohne, gegen)

Two-way prepositions for location (in, an, auf...)

Informal singular imperative (mach, komm)

Plural and formal imperative (macht, machen Sie)

Coordinating conjunctions (und, oder, aber, denn)

Simple past of sein and haben (war, hatte)

The perfect tense: regular verbs (gemacht, gespielt)

Past tense: irregular verbs (ge-...-en)

The perfect tense: mixed verbs (gebracht, gekannt)

The perfect tense with sein (ist gegangen)

The perfect tense: separable verbs (eingekauft)

The perfect tense: inseparable and -ieren verbs (besucht, studiert)

Informal singular commands (mach, lern)

Numbers 13 to 20 (dreizehn to zwanzig)

Counting by tens to 100 (dreißig, vierzig)

Telling time (Uhr, halb, Viertel, vor, nach)

Numbers 21 to 99 (einundzwanzig, zweiunddreißig)

Greetings and farewells

Thank you, sorry and good wishes

Everyday replies

Numbers 100 to 1,000,000 (hundert, tausend...)

Becoming and getting (werden)

The impersonal pronoun (man)

Indefinite pronouns (jemand, niemand...)

Time sequence prepositions (vor, nach, bei)

Time span prepositions (von... bis, seit, für)

Adverbs of sequence (zuerst, dann, danach)

Two-way prepositions for direction (in, auf, an...)

Directional adverbs (hin, her)

Placement verbs (setzen, stellen, legen)

Months of the year (Januar, Februar)

The four seasons (Frühling, Sommer)

Time prepositions and indefinite pronouns (an, in, um)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 19th (am ersten)

Ordinals 20th and beyond (-ste, -sten)

Placement vs. location verbs (stellen vs. stehen)

Accusative reflexive pronouns (mich, dich, sich)

Accusative reflexive verbs (sich freuen)

Dative reflexive pronouns (mir, dir, sich)

Dative reflexive verbs (sich etwas merken)

Ordinal numbers 11th to 19th (-te)

Temporal prepositions (an, in, um)

Double objects with nouns

Double objects with pronouns

The modal verb for advice (sollen)

Simple past of modal verbs (musste, wollte...)

Simple past of common irregulars (wurde, wusste, es gab)

Adverbial connectors of consequence (deshalb, darum...)

Subordinate clauses for statements (dass)

Question	Answer
the lecture hall	der Hörsaal
Today there are many students sitting in the lecture hall.	Es sitzen heute viele Studenten im Hörsaal.
the blackboard	die Tafel
The blackboard in this lecture hall is very big.	Die Tafel in diesem Hörsaal ist sehr groß.
the chalk	die Kreide
The professor wanted to write something, but he had no chalk.	Der Professor wollte etwas schreiben, aber er hatte keine Kreide.
to unlock	entsperren
Then he fetches the cell phone in order to unlock the computer.	Dann holt er das Handy, um den Computer zu entsperren.
He tries to unlock the device, which unfortunately does not work.	Er versucht, das Gerät zu entsperren, was leider nicht klappt.
to mix up (swap by mistake)	vertauschen
I believe that the professor is mixing up the passwords.	Ich glaube, dass der Professor die Passwörter vertauscht.
Fortunately, no one has mixed up the documents.	Zum Glück hat niemand die Dokumente vertauscht.
to tear up	zerreißen
He is angry and tears up an important document.	Er ist wütend und zerreißt ein wichtiges Dokument.
Please pay attention that you do not tear up the paper!	Bitte passen Sie auf, dass Sie das Papier nicht zerreißen!
to miscalculate	sich verrechnen
Whenever he is nervous, he always miscalculates.	Wenn er nervös ist, verrechnet er sich immer.
I believe that you are miscalculating, Professor!	Ich glaube, dass Sie sich verrechnen, Herr Professor!
to make a writing mistake	sich verschreiben
It is embarrassing if one makes a writing mistake on the blackboard.	Es ist peinlich, wenn man sich an der Tafel verschreibt.
I am laughing because the teacher is making a writing mistake yet again.	Ich lache, weil der Lehrer sich schon wieder verschreibt.
The assistant comes in order to remove the error.	Der Assistent kommt, um den Fehler zu entfernen.
He also wants to remove the wrong cable, which could help.	Er möchte auch das falsche Kabel entfernen, was helfen könnte.
to break (into pieces)	zerbrechen
Suddenly the assistant breaks the chalk, which is very funny.	Plötzlich zerbricht der Assistent die Kreide, was sehr lustig ist.
We hope that the screen doesn't break.	Wir hoffen, dass der Bildschirm nicht zerbricht.
to misspeak	sich versprechen
to misread	sich verlesen
The professor often misspoke and misread today.	Der Professor hat sich heute oft versprochen und verlesen.
to slip the mind	entfallen
The password suddenly slipped my mind.	Das Passwort entfiel mir plötzlich.
I do not know if he misspoke.	Ich weiß nicht, ob er sich versprochen hat.
He misread and tore up the document.	Er verlas sich und zerriss das Dokument.
The solution slipped his mind and the chalk broke.	Die Lösung entfiel ihm und die Kreide zerbrach.
We unlocked the computer but unfortunately miscalculated.	Wir haben den Computer entsperrt, uns aber leider verrechnet.