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### Giving Strong Reasons with *zumal*

When writing a critical restaurant review, you often need to justify your opinion with a specific, strong reason. The conjunction **zumal** (especially since / particularly because) is perfect for adding emphasis to your arguments.

Because **zumal** is a subordinating conjunction, it introduces a dependent clause. This means you must always place a comma before it, and it pushes the conjugated verb to the very end of the sentence.

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### Commenting on a Situation with *was*

When leaving a review, you may also want to comment on a situation as a whole rather than a specific noun. You can use the relative pronoun **was** (which) to refer back to the entire preceding main clause. Just like **zumal**, **was** introduces a dependent clause and sends the conjugated verb to the end.

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### Describing Terrible Food

As you build your arguments, you can stack your complaints. Pair strong descriptive adjectives—like *zäh* (tough) or *ungenießbar* (inedible)—with a **zumal** clause to explain exactly what ruined the meal.

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Especially since (zumal)

adjective

adverb

auxiliary verb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Definite articles and gender (der, die, das)

Indefinite articles (ein, eine)

Regular verbs and statement word order (ich -e, er -t)

The second person (du -st, Sie -en)

Yes/No questions

The verb 'to have' (habe, hast, hat)

Plural pronouns and regular verbs (wir, ihr, sie)

Plural 'to be' and 'to have' (sind, haben)

Plural nouns and the plural article (die)

Sentence negation (nicht)

Noun negation (kein, keine)

Question words (wer, was, wo, wie)

Numbers 0 to 12 (null, eins, zwei)

The accusative case (den, die, das)

Indefinite accusative articles (einen, keinen)

Direct object pronouns (mich, dich, ihn)

There is / there are (es gibt)

Vowel changes: e to i/ie (er spricht, sie liest)

Vowel changes: a to ä (er fährt)

Weather and conditions (es regnet)

First- and second-person possessives in the nominative (mein, dein, Ihr)

First- and second-person possessives in the accusative (meinen, deinen, Ihren)

Third-person and plural possessives (sein, ihr, unser, euer)

Possession with names (Annas Auto)

Demonstrative pronouns (dieser, diese, dieses)

Expressing preference (gern, lieber)

Asking about direction and origin (woher, wohin)

Expressing ability (können)

Polite requests (möchten)

Expressing intention (wollen)

Modal verbs of obligation and permission (müssen, dürfen)

Separable prefix verbs

Adverbs of frequency (immer, oft, manchmal, nie)

The Dative case and definite articles (dem, der, den)

Dative indefinite and negative articles (einem, einer, keinem)

Dative personal pronouns (mir, dir, ihm, ihr...)

Dative verbs (helfen, danken, gefallen, schmecken)

Dative prepositions (aus, bei, mit, nach...)

Accusative prepositions (für, ohne, gegen)

Two-way prepositions for location (in, an, auf...)

Informal singular imperative (mach, komm)

Plural and formal imperative (macht, machen Sie)

Coordinating conjunctions (und, oder, aber, denn)

Simple past of sein and haben (war, hatte)

The perfect tense: regular verbs (gemacht, gespielt)

Past tense: irregular verbs (ge-...-en)

The perfect tense: mixed verbs (gebracht, gekannt)

The perfect tense with sein (ist gegangen)

The perfect tense: separable verbs (eingekauft)

The perfect tense: inseparable and -ieren verbs (besucht, studiert)

Informal singular commands (mach, lern)

Numbers 13 to 20 (dreizehn to zwanzig)

Counting by tens to 100 (dreißig, vierzig)

Telling time (Uhr, halb, Viertel, vor, nach)

Numbers 21 to 99 (einundzwanzig, zweiunddreißig)

Greetings and farewells

Thank you, sorry and good wishes

Everyday replies

Numbers 100 to 1,000,000 (hundert, tausend...)

Becoming and getting (werden)

The impersonal pronoun (man)

Indefinite pronouns (jemand, niemand...)

Time sequence prepositions (vor, nach, bei)

Time span prepositions (von... bis, seit, für)

Adverbs of sequence (zuerst, dann, danach)

Two-way prepositions for direction (in, auf, an...)

Directional adverbs (hin, her)

Placement verbs (setzen, stellen, legen)

Months of the year (Januar, Februar)

The four seasons (Frühling, Sommer)

Time prepositions and indefinite pronouns (an, in, um)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 19th (am ersten)

Ordinals 20th and beyond (-ste, -sten)

Placement vs. location verbs (stellen vs. stehen)

Accusative reflexive pronouns (mich, dich, sich)

Accusative reflexive verbs (sich freuen)

Dative reflexive pronouns (mir, dir, sich)

Dative reflexive verbs (sich etwas merken)

Ordinal numbers 11th to 19th (-te)

Temporal prepositions (an, in, um)

Double objects with nouns

Double objects with pronouns

The modal verb for advice (sollen)

Simple past of modal verbs (musste, wollte...)

Simple past of common irregulars (wurde, wusste, es gab)

Adverbial connectors of consequence (deshalb, darum...)

Subordinate clauses for statements (dass)

Question	Answer
the review	die Bewertung
especially since	zumal
the waiting time	die Wartezeit
The guest is writing a review, especially since the waiting time is extreme.	Der Gast schreibt eine Bewertung, zumal die Wartezeit extrem ist.
to criticize	kritisieren
However, many criticize this review, which surprises me.	Allerdings kritisieren viele diese Bewertung, was mich überrascht.
the main course	die Hauptspeise
We criticize the restaurant, especially since the main course is expensive.	Wir kritisieren das Restaurant, zumal die Hauptspeise teuer ist.
tough	zäh
the portion	die Portion
The main course was tough, however, the portion was big.	Die Hauptspeise war zäh, jedoch war die Portion groß.
inedible	ungenießbar
The fish is inedible, especially since it is completely oversalted.	Der Fisch ist ungenießbar, zumal er völlig versalzen ist.
The portion is so tiny, which makes the waiting guest angry!	Die Portion ist so winzig, was den wartenden Gast wütend macht!
lukewarm	lauwarm
tasteless	geschmacklos
The soup was lukewarm and tasteless, on the other hand, the salad was fresh.	Die Suppe war lauwarm und geschmacklos, dagegen war der Salat frisch.
The lukewarm meal is really inedible, especially since the plate is dirty!	Die lauwarme Mahlzeit ist wirklich ungenießbar, zumal der Teller schmutzig ist!
I am not paying the bill, especially since the meat is tough and dry.	Ich bezahle die Rechnung nicht, zumal das Fleisch zäh und trocken ist.
The waiting time was unbearable, which we must criticize immediately!	Die Wartezeit war unerträglich, was wir sofort kritisieren müssen!
The main course is unpalatable, especially since the meat is tasteless.	Die Hauptspeise ist ungenießbar, zumal das Fleisch geschmacklos ist.