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In German, you can often recognize abstract nouns by the suffix **-nis**. This ending is frequently attached to verb stems to create a noun representing an action, result, or state (similar to "-ness" or "-tion" in English).

Most nouns ending in *-nis* are neuter and take the article **das**.

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When forming the plural of a noun ending in *-nis*, the rule is highly predictable: double the **s** and add an **e**. The singular suffix *-nis* always becomes the plural suffix **-nisse**.

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While the majority of these nouns are neuter, a handful of very common ones are feminine and take the article **die**. The plural rule remains exactly the same!

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Abstract nouns (-nis)

adjective

adverb

auxiliary verb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Definite articles and gender (der, die, das)

Indefinite articles (ein, eine)

Regular verbs and statement word order (ich -e, er -t)

The second person (du -st, Sie -en)

Yes/No questions

The verb 'to have' (habe, hast, hat)

Plural pronouns and regular verbs (wir, ihr, sie)

Plural 'to be' and 'to have' (sind, haben)

Plural nouns and the plural article (die)

Sentence negation (nicht)

Noun negation (kein, keine)

Question words (wer, was, wo, wie)

Numbers 0 to 12 (null, eins, zwei)

The accusative case (den, die, das)

Indefinite accusative articles (einen, keinen)

Direct object pronouns (mich, dich, ihn)

There is / there are (es gibt)

Vowel changes: e to i/ie (er spricht, sie liest)

Vowel changes: a to ä (er fährt)

Weather and conditions (es regnet)

First- and second-person possessives in the nominative (mein, dein, Ihr)

First- and second-person possessives in the accusative (meinen, deinen, Ihren)

Third-person and plural possessives (sein, ihr, unser, euer)

Possession with names (Annas Auto)

Demonstrative pronouns (dieser, diese, dieses)

Expressing preference (gern, lieber)

Asking about direction and origin (woher, wohin)

Expressing ability (können)

Polite requests (möchten)

Expressing intention (wollen)

Modal verbs of obligation and permission (müssen, dürfen)

Separable prefix verbs

Adverbs of frequency (immer, oft, manchmal, nie)

The Dative case and definite articles (dem, der, den)

Dative indefinite and negative articles (einem, einer, keinem)

Dative personal pronouns (mir, dir, ihm, ihr...)

Dative verbs (helfen, danken, gefallen, schmecken)

Dative prepositions (aus, bei, mit, nach...)

Accusative prepositions (für, ohne, gegen)

Two-way prepositions for location (in, an, auf...)

Informal singular imperative (mach, komm)

Plural and formal imperative (macht, machen Sie)

Coordinating conjunctions (und, oder, aber, denn)

Simple past of sein and haben (war, hatte)

The perfect tense: regular verbs (gemacht, gespielt)

Past tense: irregular verbs (ge-...-en)

The perfect tense: mixed verbs (gebracht, gekannt)

The perfect tense with sein (ist gegangen)

The perfect tense: separable verbs (eingekauft)

The perfect tense: inseparable and -ieren verbs (besucht, studiert)

Informal singular commands (mach, lern)

Numbers 13 to 20 (dreizehn to zwanzig)

Counting by tens to 100 (dreißig, vierzig)

Telling time (Uhr, halb, Viertel, vor, nach)

Numbers 21 to 99 (einundzwanzig, zweiunddreißig)

Greetings and farewells

Thank you, sorry and good wishes

Everyday replies

Numbers 100 to 1,000,000 (hundert, tausend...)

Becoming and getting (werden)

The impersonal pronoun (man)

Indefinite pronouns (jemand, niemand...)

Time sequence prepositions (vor, nach, bei)

Time span prepositions (von... bis, seit, für)

Adverbs of sequence (zuerst, dann, danach)

Two-way prepositions for direction (in, auf, an...)

Directional adverbs (hin, her)

Placement verbs (setzen, stellen, legen)

Months of the year (Januar, Februar)

The four seasons (Frühling, Sommer)

Time prepositions and indefinite pronouns (an, in, um)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 19th (am ersten)

Ordinals 20th and beyond (-ste, -sten)

Placement vs. location verbs (stellen vs. stehen)

Accusative reflexive pronouns (mich, dich, sich)

Accusative reflexive verbs (sich freuen)

Dative reflexive pronouns (mir, dir, sich)

Dative reflexive verbs (sich etwas merken)

Ordinal numbers 11th to 19th (-te)

Temporal prepositions (an, in, um)

Double objects with nouns

Double objects with pronouns

The modal verb for advice (sollen)

Simple past of modal verbs (musste, wollte...)

Simple past of common irregulars (wurde, wusste, es gab)

Adverbial connectors of consequence (deshalb, darum...)

Subordinate clauses for statements (dass)

Question	Answer
the experience (event, adventure)	das Erlebnis
These experiences are described exactly in the book.	Diese Erlebnisse werden in dem Buch genau beschrieben.
the venture	das Wagnis
The experience was a great venture back then.	Das Erlebnis war damals ein großes Wagnis.
Many ventures are almost forgotten today.	Viele Wagnisse sind heute fast vergessen.
the relationship (ratio, proportion)	das Verhältnis
The relationship between the king and the queen was complicated.	Das Verhältnis zwischen dem König und der Königin war kompliziert.
The conditions in the country are often discussed.	Die Verhältnisse im Land werden oft diskutiert.
the alliance	das Bündnis
The alliances of the past are now broken.	Die Bündnisse der Vergangenheit sind nun gebrochen.
An alliance has saved the city.	Ein Bündnis hat die Stadt gerettet.
the insight	die Erkenntnis
The author shares the insights with the audience.	Der Autor teilt die Erkenntnisse mit dem Publikum.
This insight is very valuable.	Diese Erkenntnis ist sehr wertvoll.
the confession	das Bekenntnis
The confessions are found in the diary.	Die Bekenntnisse werden im Tagebuch gefunden.
The confession surprises us all.	Das Bekenntnis überrascht uns alle.
the need	das Bedürfnis
The needs of the citizens are often ignored.	Die Bedürfnisse der Bürger werden oft ignoriert.
Security is a great need.	Sicherheit ist ein großes Bedürfnis.
the funeral	das Begräbnis
The funeral of the king is well documented.	Das Begräbnis des Königs ist gut dokumentiert.
Many funerals took place secretly back then.	Viele Begräbnisse haben damals heimlich stattgefunden.
the legacy	das Vermächtnis
The legacy of the queen is admired.	Das Vermächtnis der Königin wird bewundert.
The legacies of these heroes are lost.	Die Vermächtnisse dieser Helden sind verloren.
the authority (authorization, power to act)	die Befugnis
The president has the authority.	Der Präsident hat die Befugnis.
These powers are rarely handed over.	Diese Befugnisse werden selten übergeben.
the gender, the sex	das Geschlecht
The form asks for age and gender.	Das Formular fragt nach Alter und Geschlecht.
Gender plays no role for this position.	Das Geschlecht spielt bei dieser Stelle keine Rolle.

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