Chinese (Mandarin)

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic (Modern Standard)

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Dari

Farsi

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

Finnish

### The Strict Order of Verb Suffixes

Like nouns, Finnish verbs are heavily agglutinative. When building complex verb forms, you must stack suffixes onto the root in a strict, unbreakable sequence:

**Stem + Passive voice + Tense/Mood + Personal ending + Enclitic particles**

Let's break down this sequence using the verb **koepelata** (to playtest) to build the hypothetical question **koepelattaisiinkohan** (I wonder if [it] would be playtested):

- **Stem**: *koepela-*
- **Passive voice**: *-tta-* (is done)
- **Tense/Mood**: *-isi-* (conditional mood: "would")
- **Personal ending**: *-in* (passive person marker)
- **Enclitic 1**: *-ko* (turns the verb into a yes/no question)
- **Enclitic 2**: *-han* (softens the question into "I wonder")

{{item:969725}}

#### Stacking Enclitics (-ko/kö + -han/hän)

Enclitic particles always occupy the final slots of the word and follow a strict internal order. The question particle **-ko / -kö** must precede the softening particle **-han / -hän**. 

Together, they are frequently attached to conditional passive verbs to hypothesize, brainstorm ideas, or politely discuss game rules.

{{item:969728}}

{{item:969731}}

#### Applying the Sequence Across Tenses

This structural sequence remains intact even if you change the tense. For instance, in the present tense, the conditional mood marker (*-isi-*) simply drops out, but the order of the remaining slots (Stem + Passive + Person + Clitics) stays exactly the same.

{{item:969733}}

When returning to the conditional mood to discuss different mechanics or rules, the full sequence of suffixes applies predictably to any verb. The structural formula never changes, even when vowel harmony requires using front vowels (like **-köhän** instead of **-kohan**).

{{item:969736}}

{{item:969742}}

{{item:969745}}

Verb suffix ordering

adjective

adposition

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (tämä, tuo, se)

Singular personal pronouns (minä, sinä, hän)

Plural personal pronouns (me, te, he)

Plural demonstratives (nämä, nuo, ne)

Coordinating conjunctions (ja, mutta, tai)

Yes/no questions (-ko / -kö)

Basic question words (kuka, mikä, missä)

Negation of to be (en ole, ei ole)

The inessive case (-ssa / -ssä)

Double consonant gradation (kk, pp, tt)

Consonant gradation (-ssa/-ssä)

Verb Type 1 (puhun, puhut, puhuu)

Verb Type 1 with consonant gradation

Negative verbs (en puhu, et lue)

External location (-lla/-llä)

There is / there are (kaupungissa on)

Possession (minulla on)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yksi, kaksi, kolme)

The partitive singular (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Quantities with numbers (kaksi autoa)

Negative possession (ei ole)

Numbers 11 to 100 and 1000

Partitive verbs

Partitive personal pronouns (minua, sinua)

Verb Type 2 (-da/-dä)

Partitive for mass nouns (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Partitive for negative objects

Adjective agreement

Verb Type 3

The elative case (-sta/-stä)

Negative possession (minulla ei ole…)

The illative case (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Numbers 21 to 99

Static vs. movement verbs

Verb Type 4 (-Vta / -Vtä)

Verb Type 5 (-ita / -itä)

Genitive singular for possession (-n)

Total object (-n)

Accusative personal pronouns (-t)

Obligation (täytyy)

Into places (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Postpositions with the genitive

My and your (-ni, -si)

Onto and to someone (-lle)

From someone or somewhere (-lta, -ltä)

Telling time (kello on...)

Months of the year (-ssa, -ssä)

Days of the week (-na, -nä)

When and why (milloin, miksi)

The illative case (mihin, -Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Past tense of to be (olin, olit, oli)

The seasons (kevät, kesä, syksy, talvi)

The imperative mood (lue!, syö!, mene!)

The past tense of to be (olin, oli)

The illative case (-hVn, -seen)

Greetings and goodbyes (hei, näkemiin)

Thank you and sorry (kiitos, anteeksi)

Liking things (pitää / tykätä + -sta/-stä)

Temporary states and roles (-na/-nä)

Change of state (-ksi)

Ongoing actions (-massa/-mässä)

Going to do an action (-maan/-mään)

Returning from an action (-masta/-mästä)

Third-person possessives (-nsa/-nsä or -Vn)

Plural possessives (-mme, -nne)

Indefinite pronouns (joku, jokin, kaikki)

Negative indefinite pronouns (ei kukaan, ei mikään)

Commands for verb types 4 and 5

Adverb formation (-sti)

Past tense for verb type 1 (-i-)

Past tense vowel changes for verb type 1 (-o- / -i-)

Past tense for verb type 2 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 3 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 4 (-si-)

Past tense for verb type 5 (-itsi-)

Past tense consonant gradation

Past participles for verb types 1 and 2 (-nut / -nyt)

Past participle singular for verb types 3-5 (-nnut, -llut)

Active past participle plural (-neet)

Past tense negative (en mennyt, emme olleet)

The perfect tense (olen ollut)

The perfect tense negative (en ole nähnyt)

Total plural objects (-t)

Partitive plural (-ia / -iä)

Partitive plural (-ja / -jä)

Question	Answer
to playtest	koepelata
I wonder if this new game would be playtested tomorrow?	Koepelattaisiinkohan tämä uusi peli huomenna?
game board	pelilauta
I playtested my new game board yesterday.	Koepelasin uutta pelilautaani eilen.
I wonder if the game board would still be changed?	Muutettaisiinkohan pelilautaa vielä?
rulebook	ohjekirja
Nothing is as boring as a bad rulebook.	Mikään ei ole yhtä tylsää kuin huono ohjekirja.
I wonder if the rulebook would be read at all?	Luettaisiinkohan ohjekirjaa ollenkaan?
to balance	tasapainottaa
I wonder if the game will be balanced later?	Tasapainotetaankohan peli myöhemmin?
No one balances this game.	Kukaan ei tasapainota tätä peliä.
game mechanic	pelimekaniikka
I wonder if the new game mechanic would be used?	Käytettäisiinköhän uutta pelimekaniikkaa?
This game mechanic is as difficult as the old one.	Tämä pelimekaniikka on yhtä vaikea kuin vanha.
strategic	strateginen
I wonder if people would think that this game is too strategic?	Ajateltaisiinkohan, että tämä peli on liian strateginen?
Chess is as strategic as this game.	Shakki on yhtä strateginen kuin tämä peli.
random	satunnainen
I wonder if dice would be rolled if the game is random?	Heitettäisiinköhän noppaa, jos peli on satunnainen?
The result is as random as the weather.	Tulos on yhtä satunnainen kuin sää.
victory point	voittopiste
I wonder if the victory points would be calculated immediately?	Laskettaisiinkohan voittopisteet heti?
No one gets any victory points.	Kukaan ei saa yhtään voittopistettä.
turn-based	vuoropohjainen
I wonder if a turn-based game would be played here?	Pelattaisiinkohan täällä vuoropohjaista peliä?
My turn-based game is ready.	Vuoropohjainen pelini on valmis.
matter of luck	tuurikauppa
I wonder if people would say that the game is just a matter of luck?	Sanottaisiinkohan, että peli on vain tuurikauppaa?
The whole game is sheer luck.	Koko peli on pelkkää tuurikauppaa.