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Finnish

### Spoken Pronouns

In everyday spoken Finnish (*puhekieli*), people almost never use the standard written forms for common pronouns. Instead, they use sharply reduced versions.

Here are the core subject pronouns you will hear constantly:

| Written | Spoken | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| minä | mä | I |
| sinä | sä | you |
| tämä | tää | this |
| tuo | toi | that |

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### Genitive Forms: mun and sun

When indicating possession, the written forms *minun* and *sinun* drop their middle syllables.

| Written | Spoken | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| minun | mun | my |
| sinun | sun | your |

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### Partitive Forms: mua and sua

When pronouns act as the object of certain verbs, or with verbs that express feelings, you need the partitive case.

| Written | Spoken | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| minua | mua | me (partitive) |
| sinua | sua | you (partitive) |

For example, *moikata* ("to say hi to") and *jännittää* ("to feel nervous" / "to make nervous") both require the partitive.

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### Location Cases: mulla and mulle

This same reduction pattern holds true for location cases like the adessive ("I have" / "on me") and allative ("to me").

| Written | Spoken | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| minulla | mulla | I have / on me |
| minulle | mulle | to me |

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Spoken pronouns (mä, sä, mun)

adjective

adposition

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (tämä, tuo, se)

Singular personal pronouns (minä, sinä, hän)

Plural personal pronouns (me, te, he)

Plural demonstratives (nämä, nuo, ne)

Coordinating conjunctions (ja, mutta, tai)

Yes/no questions (-ko / -kö)

Basic question words (kuka, mikä, missä)

Negation of to be (en ole, ei ole)

The inessive case (-ssa / -ssä)

Double consonant gradation (kk, pp, tt)

Consonant gradation (-ssa/-ssä)

Verb Type 1 (puhun, puhut, puhuu)

Verb Type 1 with consonant gradation

Negative verbs (en puhu, et lue)

External location (-lla/-llä)

There is / there are (kaupungissa on)

Possession (minulla on)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yksi, kaksi, kolme)

The partitive singular (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Quantities with numbers (kaksi autoa)

Negative possession (ei ole)

Numbers 11 to 100 and 1000

Partitive verbs

Partitive personal pronouns (minua, sinua)

Verb Type 2 (-da/-dä)

Partitive for mass nouns (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Partitive for negative objects

Adjective agreement

Verb Type 3

The elative case (-sta/-stä)

Negative possession (minulla ei ole…)

The illative case (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Numbers 21 to 99

Static vs. movement verbs

Verb Type 4 (-Vta / -Vtä)

Verb Type 5 (-ita / -itä)

Genitive singular for possession (-n)

Total object (-n)

Accusative personal pronouns (-t)

Obligation (täytyy)

Into places (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Postpositions with the genitive

My and your (-ni, -si)

Onto and to someone (-lle)

From someone or somewhere (-lta, -ltä)

Telling time (kello on...)

Months of the year (-ssa, -ssä)

Days of the week (-na, -nä)

When and why (milloin, miksi)

The illative case (mihin, -Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Past tense of to be (olin, olit, oli)

The seasons (kevät, kesä, syksy, talvi)

The imperative mood (lue!, syö!, mene!)

The past tense of to be (olin, oli)

The illative case (-hVn, -seen)

Greetings and goodbyes (hei, näkemiin)

Thank you and sorry (kiitos, anteeksi)

Liking things (pitää / tykätä + -sta/-stä)

Temporary states and roles (-na/-nä)

Change of state (-ksi)

Ongoing actions (-massa/-mässä)

Going to do an action (-maan/-mään)

Returning from an action (-masta/-mästä)

Third-person possessives (-nsa/-nsä or -Vn)

Plural possessives (-mme, -nne)

Indefinite pronouns (joku, jokin, kaikki)

Negative indefinite pronouns (ei kukaan, ei mikään)

Commands for verb types 4 and 5

Adverb formation (-sti)

Past tense for verb type 1 (-i-)

Past tense vowel changes for verb type 1 (-o- / -i-)

Past tense for verb type 2 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 3 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 4 (-si-)

Past tense for verb type 5 (-itsi-)

Past tense consonant gradation

Past participles for verb types 1 and 2 (-nut / -nyt)

Past participle singular for verb types 3-5 (-nnut, -llut)

Active past participle plural (-neet)

Past tense negative (en mennyt, emme olleet)

The perfect tense (olen ollut)

The perfect tense negative (en ole nähnyt)

Total plural objects (-t)

Partitive plural (-ia / -iä)

Partitive plural (-ja / -jä)

Question	Answer
you (spoken, incl. sun, sua)	sä
this (spoken)	tää
person / guy	tyyppi
Do you know who this guy is?	Tiedätkö sä, kuka tää tyyppi on?
I (spoken, incl. mun, mua, mulla, mulle)	mä
that (spoken)	toi
I don't know who that guy is.	Mä en tiedä, kuka toi tyyppi on.
Does that guy know you?	Tunteeko toi tyyppi sua?
apartment / place (living space)	kämppä
This is my apartment.	Tää on mun kämppä.
free	vapaa
Is that apartment free?	Onko toi kämppä vapaa?
to say hi / to greet (informal)	moikata
I'll say hi to you tomorrow.	Mä moikkaan sua huomenna.
Will you answer me?	Vastaatko sä mulle?
Are you afraid of me?	Pelkäätkö sä mua?
feeling / mood	fiilis
What's your mood like?	Mikä sun fiilis on?
I'm in a good mood.	Mulla on hyvä fiilis.
to make nervous / to feel nervous	jännittää
I am really nervous.	Mua jännittää tosi paljon.
Does this make you nervous?	Jännittääkö tää sua?
This is really important to me.	Tää on mulle tosi tärkeä.
I'll answer your message.	Mä vastaan sun viestiin.
That guy says hi to me often.	Toi tyyppi moikkaa mua usein.
This apartment is finally free.	Tää kämppä on vihdoin vapaa.