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Finnish

### The Ablative Case: "From Someone"

In Finnish, when you receive, borrow, or ask for something from a person, you use the **ablative case**. You form this by adding the suffix **-lta** or **-ltä** (depending on vowel harmony) to the noun.

When asking "from whom?", use the question word *keneltä*.

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### Borrowing and Asking

Verbs like *lainata* (to borrow) and *pyytää* (to ask for) also use **-lta/-ltä** for the person you are asking or borrowing from.

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### Moving "Off" a Surface

The **-lta/-ltä** suffix is also used to describe movement *off* a surface. If a wallet falls off a table (*pöytä*), the table takes the **-lta/-ltä** suffix.

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In Finnish, finding an object *on* an open surface (like a floor) translates conceptually to taking it *from* that place.

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From someone or somewhere (-lta, -ltä)

adjective

adposition

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (tämä, tuo, se)

Singular personal pronouns (minä, sinä, hän)

Plural personal pronouns (me, te, he)

Plural demonstratives (nämä, nuo, ne)

Coordinating conjunctions (ja, mutta, tai)

Yes/no questions (-ko / -kö)

Basic question words (kuka, mikä, missä)

Negation of to be (en ole, ei ole)

The inessive case (-ssa / -ssä)

Double consonant gradation (kk, pp, tt)

Consonant gradation (-ssa/-ssä)

Verb Type 1 (puhun, puhut, puhuu)

Verb Type 1 with consonant gradation

Negative verbs (en puhu, et lue)

External location (-lla/-llä)

There is / there are (kaupungissa on)

Possession (minulla on)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yksi, kaksi, kolme)

The partitive singular (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Quantities with numbers (kaksi autoa)

Negative possession (ei ole)

Numbers 11 to 100 and 1000

Partitive verbs

Partitive personal pronouns (minua, sinua)

Verb Type 2 (-da/-dä)

Partitive for mass nouns (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Partitive for negative objects

Adjective agreement

Verb Type 3

The elative case (-sta/-stä)

Negative possession (minulla ei ole…)

The illative case (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Numbers 21 to 99

Static vs. movement verbs

Verb Type 4 (-Vta / -Vtä)

Verb Type 5 (-ita / -itä)

Genitive singular for possession (-n)

Total object (-n)

Accusative personal pronouns (-t)

Obligation (täytyy)

Into places (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Postpositions with the genitive

My and your (-ni, -si)

Onto and to someone (-lle)

Telling time (kello on...)

Months of the year (-ssa, -ssä)

Days of the week (-na, -nä)

When and why (milloin, miksi)

The illative case (mihin, -Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Past tense of to be (olin, olit, oli)

The seasons (kevät, kesä, syksy, talvi)

The imperative mood (lue!, syö!, mene!)

The past tense of to be (olin, oli)

The illative case (-hVn, -seen)

Greetings and goodbyes (hei, näkemiin)

Thank you and sorry (kiitos, anteeksi)

Liking things (pitää / tykätä + -sta/-stä)

Temporary states and roles (-na/-nä)

Change of state (-ksi)

Ongoing actions (-massa/-mässä)

Going to do an action (-maan/-mään)

Returning from an action (-masta/-mästä)

Third-person possessives (-nsa/-nsä or -Vn)

Plural possessives (-mme, -nne)

Indefinite pronouns (joku, jokin, kaikki)

Negative indefinite pronouns (ei kukaan, ei mikään)

Commands for verb types 4 and 5

Adverb formation (-sti)

Past tense for verb type 1 (-i-)

Past tense vowel changes for verb type 1 (-o- / -i-)

Past tense for verb type 2 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 3 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 4 (-si-)

Past tense for verb type 5 (-itsi-)

Past tense consonant gradation

Past participles for verb types 1 and 2 (-nut / -nyt)

Past participle singular for verb types 3-5 (-nnut, -llut)

Active past participle plural (-neet)

Past tense negative (en mennyt, emme olleet)

The perfect tense (olen ollut)

The perfect tense negative (en ole nähnyt)

Total plural objects (-t)

Partitive plural (-ia / -iä)

Partitive plural (-ja / -jä)

Partitive plural (-ita / -itä)

Question	Answer
from whom	keneltä
to get	saada
Who do you get money from?	Keneltä sinä saat rahaa?
help	apu
boss	pomo
I get help from the boss.	Minä saan apua pomolta.
to borrow	lainata
Who do you borrow money from?	Keneltä te lainaatte rahaa?
neighbor	naapuri
I borrow a car from the neighbor.	Minä lainaan auton naapurilta.
to ask for	pyytää
permission	lupa
He asks the boss for permission.	Hän pyytää lupaa pomolta.
We ask the teacher for help.	Me pyydämme apua opettajalta.
We do not get permission from mother.	Me emme saa lupaa äidiltä.
wallet	lompakko
to fall	pudota
The wallet falls off the table.	Lompakko putoaa pöydältä.
The wallet does not fall off the chair.	Lompakko ei putoa tuolilta.
I find the wallet on the floor.	Minä löydän lompakon lattialta.
The man borrows sugar from the neighbor.	Mies lainaa sokeria naapurilta.