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Finnish

### Demonstratives of Quality

To point out specific qualities, Finnish uses demonstrative adjectives ending in **-nen**. These are built from the basic demonstrative pronouns (*tämä*, *tuo*, *se*) and mean "this kind of", "that kind of", or "such a":

- **tällainen**: this kind of (from *tämä*)
- **tuollainen**: that kind of (from *tuo*)
- **sellainen**: such a / that kind of (from *se*)

Like all adjectives, they must agree with the noun they modify.

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### Inflecting -nen Demonstratives

Like other **-nen** words, these adjectives change their endings to match the noun's case:

**Partitive case (-sta):** *tällaista*, *tuollaista*, *sellaista*. Use this with partitive verbs (like eating) or unbounded quantities.

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**Genitive/Accusative case (-sen):** *tällaisen*, *tuollaisen*, *sellaisen*. Use this for total objects when an action is completed.

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### Chili Contest Drama

At a hot chili pepper eating contest, the stakes are high. To issue an ultimatum, use the conjunction pair **joko [A] tai [B]** (either [A] or [B]).

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Demonstratives of quality (tällainen, tuollainen, sellainen)

adjective

adposition

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (tämä, tuo, se)

Singular personal pronouns (minä, sinä, hän)

Plural personal pronouns (me, te, he)

Plural demonstratives (nämä, nuo, ne)

Coordinating conjunctions (ja, mutta, tai)

Yes/no questions (-ko / -kö)

Basic question words (kuka, mikä, missä)

Negation of to be (en ole, ei ole)

The inessive case (-ssa / -ssä)

Double consonant gradation (kk, pp, tt)

Consonant gradation (-ssa/-ssä)

Verb Type 1 (puhun, puhut, puhuu)

Verb Type 1 with consonant gradation

Negative verbs (en puhu, et lue)

External location (-lla/-llä)

There is / there are (kaupungissa on)

Possession (minulla on)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yksi, kaksi, kolme)

The partitive singular (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Quantities with numbers (kaksi autoa)

Negative possession (ei ole)

Numbers 11 to 100 and 1000

Partitive verbs

Partitive personal pronouns (minua, sinua)

Verb Type 2 (-da/-dä)

Partitive for mass nouns (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Partitive for negative objects

Adjective agreement

Verb Type 3

The elative case (-sta/-stä)

Negative possession (minulla ei ole…)

The illative case (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Numbers 21 to 99

Static vs. movement verbs

Verb Type 4 (-Vta / -Vtä)

Verb Type 5 (-ita / -itä)

Genitive singular for possession (-n)

Total object (-n)

Accusative personal pronouns (-t)

Obligation (täytyy)

Into places (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Postpositions with the genitive

My and your (-ni, -si)

Onto and to someone (-lle)

From someone or somewhere (-lta, -ltä)

Telling time (kello on...)

Months of the year (-ssa, -ssä)

Days of the week (-na, -nä)

When and why (milloin, miksi)

The illative case (mihin, -Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Past tense of to be (olin, olit, oli)

The seasons (kevät, kesä, syksy, talvi)

The imperative mood (lue!, syö!, mene!)

The past tense of to be (olin, oli)

The illative case (-hVn, -seen)

Greetings and goodbyes (hei, näkemiin)

Thank you and sorry (kiitos, anteeksi)

Liking things (pitää / tykätä + -sta/-stä)

Temporary states and roles (-na/-nä)

Change of state (-ksi)

Ongoing actions (-massa/-mässä)

Going to do an action (-maan/-mään)

Returning from an action (-masta/-mästä)

Third-person possessives (-nsa/-nsä or -Vn)

Plural possessives (-mme, -nne)

Indefinite pronouns (joku, jokin, kaikki)

Negative indefinite pronouns (ei kukaan, ei mikään)

Commands for verb types 4 and 5

Adverb formation (-sti)

Past tense for verb type 1 (-i-)

Past tense vowel changes for verb type 1 (-o- / -i-)

Past tense for verb type 2 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 3 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 4 (-si-)

Past tense for verb type 5 (-itsi-)

Past tense consonant gradation

Past participles for verb types 1 and 2 (-nut / -nyt)

Past participle singular for verb types 3-5 (-nnut, -llut)

Active past participle plural (-neet)

Past tense negative (en mennyt, emme olleet)

The perfect tense (olen ollut)

The perfect tense negative (en ole nähnyt)

Total plural objects (-t)

Partitive plural (-ia / -iä)

Partitive plural (-ja / -jä)

Question	Answer
this kind of	tällainen
chili	chili
I have never eaten this kind of chili.	En ole koskaan syönyt tällaista chiliä.
to burn (transitive)	polttaa
challenger	haastaja
The chili burned the challenger's mouth.	Chili poltti haastajan suuta.
that kind of	tuollainen
I do not know why a challenger like that is crying.	En tiedä, miksi tuollainen haastaja itkee.
to swallow	nielaista
Either you swallow the chili or you lose the competition.	Joko nielaiset chilin tai häviät kilpailun.
winner	voittaja
That is the chili eaten by the winner!	Tuo on voittajan syömä chili!
tear	kyynel
The winner had such a tear in their eye.	Voittajalla oli sellainen kyynel silmässä.
The woman who had this kind of chili won.	Nainen, jolla oli tällainen chili, voitti.
volcano	tulivuori
This kind of volcano is too hot.	Tällainen tulivuori on liian kuuma.
flame	liekki
Either you swallow that kind of flame or you give up.	Joko nielaiset tuollaisen liekin tai luovutat.
That kind of chili burns the mouth like a volcano.	Sellainen chili polttaa suuta kuin tulivuori.
Does this kind of chili burn the mouth?	Polttaako tällainen chili suuta?
Did you swallow a chili like that?	Nielaisitko sellaisen chilin?
This kind of flame burns in the mouth.	Tällainen liekki polttaa suussa.
The challenger has such a tear in the eye.	Haastajalla on sellainen kyynel silmässä.
This kind of chili burns like a volcano.	Tällainen chili polttaa kuin tulivuori.
Why did you swallow such a chili?	Miksi sinä nielaisit sellaisen chilin?
Who eats that kind of chili?	Kuka syö tuollaista chiliä?
Such a competition is completely crazy.	Sellainen kilpailu on täysin hullu.