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Finnish

### Abstract Nouns with -mus and -mys

In Finnish, you can turn verbs into abstract nouns by adding the suffix **-mus** or **-mys** to the verb stem. These nouns usually represent the result of an action, a concept, or an official document.

Vowel harmony applies as always: use **-mus** if the word has back vowels (a, o, u) and **-mys** if it has front vowels (ä, ö, y) or only neutral vowels (e, i).

For example, the verb *vaatia* (to demand) becomes *vaatimus* (a demand). The verb *nähdä* (to see) becomes *näkemys* (a view or perspective).

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### Declining -mus Nouns

Words ending in **-mus** and **-mys** belong to a specific word type. When adding most case endings (like the genitive **-n** or inessive **-ssa**), the final **-s** changes to **-kse-**. The partitive case is the exception, where you add **-ta** or **-tä** directly to the basic form.

| Nominative (Basic) | Partitive (Basic + -ta/-tä) | Genitive (Stem + -n) |
|---|---|---|
| vaatimus | vaatimusta | vaatimuksen |
| näkemys | näkemystä | näkemyksen |
| rikkomus | rikkomusta | rikkomuksen |

Notice this stem change in action when these legal terms are used as grammatical objects or show possession:

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### Related Verbs and Official Documents

Because these nouns are derived directly from verbs, learning them as pairs is highly effective. If you know the verb, you can usually guess the corresponding document or official act.

For instance, *anoa* (to petition) gives us *anomus* (a petition), and *sitoutua* (to commit) gives us *sitoumus* (a commitment).

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### Plurals

To form plural cases, the **-kse-** stem combines with the plural marker **-i-**, resulting in **-ksi-**. For example, when putting *toivomus* (request) into the illative plural (into the requests), it becomes *toivomuksiin*.

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Abstract nouns (-mus / -mys)

adjective

adposition

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (tämä, tuo, se)

Singular personal pronouns (minä, sinä, hän)

Plural personal pronouns (me, te, he)

Plural demonstratives (nämä, nuo, ne)

Coordinating conjunctions (ja, mutta, tai)

Yes/no questions (-ko / -kö)

Basic question words (kuka, mikä, missä)

Negation of to be (en ole, ei ole)

The inessive case (-ssa / -ssä)

Double consonant gradation (kk, pp, tt)

Consonant gradation (-ssa/-ssä)

Verb Type 1 (puhun, puhut, puhuu)

Verb Type 1 with consonant gradation

Negative verbs (en puhu, et lue)

External location (-lla/-llä)

There is / there are (kaupungissa on)

Possession (minulla on)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yksi, kaksi, kolme)

The partitive singular (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Quantities with numbers (kaksi autoa)

Negative possession (ei ole)

Numbers 11 to 100 and 1000

Partitive verbs

Partitive personal pronouns (minua, sinua)

Verb Type 2 (-da/-dä)

Partitive for mass nouns (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Partitive for negative objects

Adjective agreement

Verb Type 3

The elative case (-sta/-stä)

Negative possession (minulla ei ole…)

The illative case (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Numbers 21 to 99

Static vs. movement verbs

Verb Type 4 (-Vta / -Vtä)

Verb Type 5 (-ita / -itä)

Genitive singular for possession (-n)

Total object (-n)

Accusative personal pronouns (-t)

Obligation (täytyy)

Into places (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Postpositions with the genitive

My and your (-ni, -si)

Onto and to someone (-lle)

From someone or somewhere (-lta, -ltä)

Telling time (kello on...)

Months of the year (-ssa, -ssä)

Days of the week (-na, -nä)

When and why (milloin, miksi)

The illative case (mihin, -Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Past tense of to be (olin, olit, oli)

The seasons (kevät, kesä, syksy, talvi)

The imperative mood (lue!, syö!, mene!)

The past tense of to be (olin, oli)

The illative case (-hVn, -seen)

Greetings and goodbyes (hei, näkemiin)

Thank you and sorry (kiitos, anteeksi)

Liking things (pitää / tykätä + -sta/-stä)

Temporary states and roles (-na/-nä)

Change of state (-ksi)

Ongoing actions (-massa/-mässä)

Going to do an action (-maan/-mään)

Returning from an action (-masta/-mästä)

Third-person possessives (-nsa/-nsä or -Vn)

Plural possessives (-mme, -nne)

Indefinite pronouns (joku, jokin, kaikki)

Negative indefinite pronouns (ei kukaan, ei mikään)

Commands for verb types 4 and 5

Adverb formation (-sti)

Past tense for verb type 1 (-i-)

Past tense vowel changes for verb type 1 (-o- / -i-)

Past tense for verb type 2 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 3 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 4 (-si-)

Past tense for verb type 5 (-itsi-)

Past tense consonant gradation

Past participles for verb types 1 and 2 (-nut / -nyt)

Past participle singular for verb types 3-5 (-nnut, -llut)

Active past participle plural (-neet)

Past tense negative (en mennyt, emme olleet)

The perfect tense (olen ollut)

The perfect tense negative (en ole nähnyt)

Total plural objects (-t)

Partitive plural (-ia / -iä)

Partitive plural (-ja / -jä)

Question	Answer
I cannot sign the agreement, because this demand is impossible.	En voi allekirjoittaa sopimusta, sillä tämä vaatimus on mahdoton.
view (opinion, perspective)	näkemys
The expert's view is that the demand is completely legal.	Asiantuntijan näkemys on, että vaatimus on täysin laillinen.
expertise	asiantuntemus
The judge's view is clear, because he has a lot of expertise.	Tuomarin näkemys on selkeä, sillä hänellä on paljon asiantuntemusta.
inspection	katselmus
This inspection requires scientific expertise.	Tämä katselmus vaatii tieteellistä asiantuntemusta.
violation	rikkomus
After the inspection, the expert found a serious violation.	Katselmuksen jälkeen asiantuntija löysi vakavan rikkomuksen.
consent	suostumus
This violation happened without the customer's consent.	Tämä rikkomus tapahtui ilman asiakkaan suostumusta.
petition	anomus
The board approved the petition without the manager's consent.	Johtokunta hyväksyi anomuksen ilman johtajan suostumusta.
to petition	anoa
They intend to petition for a permit, but the petition is very complex.	He aikovat anoa lupaa, mutta anomus on hyvin monimutkainen.
to commit	sitoutua
If you want to petition for a permit, you must commit to the rules.	Jos haluat anoa lupaa, sinun täytyy sitoutua sääntöihin.
commitment	sitoumus
The manager signed the commitment and saved us.	Johtaja allekirjoitti sitoumuksen ja pelasti meidät.
The customer intends to commit, so he reads the commitment carefully.	Asiakas aikoo sitoutua, joten hän lukee sitoumuksen tarkasti.
appeal	vetoomus
The appeal has been rejected.	Vetoomus on hylätty.
The lawyer took the appeal to the agency.	Asianajaja vei vetoomuksen virastoon.
assumption	olettamus
Each judge's assumption was wrong.	Kunkin tuomarin olettamus oli väärä.
The new assumption is as bad as the old one.	Uusi olettamus on yhtä huono kuin vanha.
request	toivomus
We will present our request tomorrow.	Esitämme toivomuksemme huomenna.
Are you satisfied with these requests?	Oletteko te tyytyväisiä näihin toivomuksiin?