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In formal written Persian, the verb "is" is **است**. However, in everyday spoken conversation, it shrinks down into a short suffix attached directly to the end of the preceding word.

### After a Consonant: است becomes ـه

If the word before "is" ends in a consonant, **است** becomes the attached suffix **ـه**.

| Formal Written | Spoken Equivalent |
|---|---|
| زشت است | زشته |
| نرم است | نرمه |

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### After a Vowel: است becomes ـست

If the preceding word ends in a vowel (such as **ی**, **ا**, or the vowel **ه**), **است** attaches directly as **ـست**.

| Formal Written | Spoken Equivalent |
|---|---|
| جدی است | جدیست |
| خجالتی است | خجالتیست |

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### Putting It All Together

Notice how the spoken endings shift depending on whether the preceding word ends in a consonant or a vowel:

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Spoken Persian: the copula (ـه / ـست)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

suffix

verb

Singular pronouns and copula (man, -am)

Plural pronouns and copula (mâ, -im)

Subject pronoun omission

Singular demonstratives (in, ân)

Plural demonstratives (inhâ, ânhâ)

Independent copula (hastam, hast)

Negative present copula (nistam, nist)

Yes/No questions (âyâ)

Regular plurals (-hâ)

Animate plurals (-ân)

Indefiniteness (yek)

Indefinite marker (-i)

Describing nouns (-e / -ye)

Possession (-e / -ye)

Singular possessives (-am, -at, -ash)

Plural possessives (-emân, -etân, -eshân)

Basic prepositions (dar, be, az, bâ)

Spatial prepositions (ru-ye, zir-e...)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yek, do, se...)

Numbers and singular nouns

Numbers 11 to 20 (yâzdah, davâzdah...)

Counting by tens to 100

Telling time (sâ'at)

The verb to have (dâram)

Negative to have (nadâram)

Basic word order (SOV)

Infinitives and present stems (-an)

Present indicative (mi-)

Negative present indicative (nemi-)

Compound verbs

Question words (che, kojâ)

How many (chand)

The definite object marker (râ)

Object pronouns (man râ, to râ)

Singular commands (be-)

Formal and plural commands (be- ... -id)

Negative commands (na-)

The present subjunctive (be-)

The negative present subjunctive (na-)

Must (bâyad)

Might (shâyad)

Wanting to do something (khâstan)

Being able to do something (tavânestan)

Forming the past stem

The simple past of to be (budan)

The simple past tense

Negative simple past (na-)

Attached object pronouns on verbs (-am, -at, -ash)

Comparative adjectives (-tar)

Basic conjunctions (va, ammâ, yâ)

Giving reasons (chon)

Adverbs of frequency and degree (hamishe, hargez, kheyli, kam)

Everyday actions (kâr kardan, bâz kardan)

Non-human plural subjects

Indefinite pronouns (kasi, chizi, jâyi)

Negative indefinite pronouns (hich-kas, hich-chiz, hich-jâ)

Reciprocal pronouns (hamdigar, yekdigar)

Reflexive pronouns (khod-)

Reflexive direct objects (khod râ)

Emphatic pronouns (khod)

The quantifier every (har)

The quantifier all (hame)

The quantifier some (ba'zi)

Another and other (-i digar)

Which (kodâm)

How much (cheghadr)

Comparisons of equality (mesl-e)

Superlative adjectives (-tarin)

Irregular comparatives and superlatives

Ordinal numbers (-om)

Pre-nominal ordinal numbers (-omin)

Fractions and percentages

Prepositions of theme (dar mored-e)

Prepositions of time (ghabl az, ba'd az)

Preposition of exclusion (bedun-e)

Resultative conjunctions (banâbarin, pas)

Hortative construction (biyâ, biyâyid)

The present progressive tense (dâram mi-)

The past continuous tense (mi-)

Negative past continuous (ne-mi-)

Past continuous of to have (dâshtam)

The past progressive tense (dâshtam mi-)

The past participle (-e)

Present perfect tense (-e-am, -e-ast)

Negative present perfect (na-)

Question	Answer
ugly	زشتzesht
This couch is ugly.	این مبل زشته.in moble zeshte.
comfortable / easy (relaxed)	راحتrâhat
That shirt is ugly, but it is comfortable.	آن پیراهن زشته، اما راحته.ân pirâhan zeshte, ammâ râhate.
light (weight)	سبکsabok
This bag is light and very comfortable.	این کیف سبک و خیلی راحته.in kif sabok o kheyli râhate.
arrogant / proud	مغرورmaghrur
funny (comical)	خنده‌دارkhande-dâr
That actor is arrogant, but very funny.	آن بازیگر مغروره، اما خیلی خنده‌داره.ân bâzigar maghrure, ammâ kheyli khandedâre.
shy	خجالتیkhejâlati
serious	جدیjeddi
My brother is shy and serious.	برادر من خجالتی و جدیست.barâdar-e man khejâlati va jeddist.
sharp	تیزtiz
This sharp knife is mine.	این چاقوی تیز مال منه.in châqu-ye tiz mâl-e mane.
firm / hard (physical)	سفتseft
soft	نرمnarm
That bed is firm, but this chair is soft.	آن تخت سفته، ولی این صندلی نرمه.ân takht sefte, vali in sandali narme.
This story is very funny.	این داستان خیلی خنده‌داره.in dâstân kheyli khandedâre.
No one laughed; the story is boring.	هیچ‌کس نخندید، داستان خسته‌کننده‌ست.hich-kas nakhandid, dâstân khaste-konande-st.
That needle is very sharp.	آن سوزن خیلی تیزه.ân suzan kheyli tize.
This towel is soft.	این حوله نرمه.in howle narme.
The manager is very strict.	مدیر خیلی سخت‌گیره.modir kheyli sakhtgire.
This apple is very firm.	این سیب خیلی سفته.in sib kheyli sefte.
My brother is very shy, but his friend is arrogant.	برادر من خیلی خجالتیست اما دوست او مغروره.barâdar-e man kheyli khejâlatist ammâ dust-e u maghrure.
The new teacher is very serious, but his bag is light.	معلم جدید خیلی جدیست اما کیف او سبکه.mo'allem-e jadid kheili jeddist ammâ kif-e u saboke.
okay (spoken)	باشهbâshe
Okay, I will come tomorrow.	باشه، فردا می‌آیم.bâshe, fardâ mi-âyam.
Okay, no problem.	باشه، مشکلی نیست.bâshe, moshkeli nist.
yeah (informal yes)	آرهâre
Yeah, this book is good.	آره، این کتاب خوبه.âre, in ketâb khube.
Yeah, he is here.	آره، او اینجاست.âre, u injâst.
thanks (informal, spoken)	مرسیmersi
Thanks, I am fine.	مرسی، خوبم.mersi, khubam.
Thanks, sir.	مرسی، آقا.mersi, âghâ.