When camping in the wild, you often have to leave modern comforts behind. To describe what you are missing or avoiding, Farsi uses the preposition بدون (without).
Using بدون (Without)
To say "without [something]", place بدون right before the noun or pronoun. Because it links directly to the word that follows, you must connect them using the invisible Ezafe vowel (pronounced -e):
| without | بدونbedun-e |
Here it is in action with some basic survival gear:
| We cannot sleep in the forest without a tent. | ما نمیتوانیم بدون چادر در جنگل بخوابیم.mâ nemitavânim bedun châdor dar jangal bekhâbim. |
| We cannot make a fire without matches. | ما نمیتوانیم بدون کبریت آتش درست کنیم.mâ nemitavânim bedun-e kebrit âtash dorost konim. |
| They sleep in the forest without a sleeping bag. | آنها بدون کیسهخواب در جنگل میخوابند.ânhâ bedun-e kise-khâb dar jangal mikhâband. |
Multiple Items and Descriptions
If you are without multiple things, you only need to use بدون once at the beginning of the list. The Ezafe connects بدون to the first item, and the conjunction و (and) connects the rest:
| You cannot stay alive without water and food. | شما نمیتوانید بدون آب و غذا زنده بمانید.shomâ nemitavânid bedun-e âb o ghazâ zende bemânid. |
You can also use it to describe the state of a noun, such as a house lacking utilities:
| A house without electricity and a heater is very cold. | خانهی بدون برق و بخاری خیلی سرد است.khâne-ye bedun-e barq o bokhâri kheyli sard ast. |
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