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### Setting Up the Ecosystem

In this lesson, we will explore the vocabulary and grammar needed to talk about building and maintaining the miniature ecosystem (**اکوسیستم**) of an indoor terrarium (**تراریوم**).

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### Adjective Complement Clauses with از اینکه

In English, when you express an emotion or reaction to an event, you often use a "that" clause (e.g., "I am happy *that* it rained"). Farsi connects these emotion-based adjectives to the event clause using **از اینکه** (literally "from this that"). 

Because Farsi typically places the main verb at the end of the sentence, this structure usually looks like this:
[Subject] + **از اینکه** + [Event Clause] + [Emotion Adjective] + [Copula Verb]

If your reaction is to a completed or ongoing fact, the verb in the event clause takes the regular indicative mood. 

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However, if you are expressing anxiety or fear about a potential future event, the verb inside the event clause takes the subjunctive mood.

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### Expressing Surprise and Relief

You can use this exact same structure with any adjective describing a mental state or emotional reaction, such as being surprised (**شگفت‌زده**) or relieved (**آسوده**).

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When the event clause contains a negative verb, **از اینکه** naturally expresses relief or surprise that something bad *didn't* happen, such as a plant rotting or the soil molding (**کپک زدن**).

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Adjective complement clauses (az inke)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

suffix

verb

Singular pronouns and copula (man, -am)

Plural pronouns and copula (mâ, -im)

Subject pronoun omission

Singular demonstratives (in, ân)

Plural demonstratives (inhâ, ânhâ)

Independent copula (hastam, hast)

Negative present copula (nistam, nist)

Yes/No questions (âyâ)

Regular plurals (-hâ)

Animate plurals (-ân)

Indefiniteness (yek)

Indefinite marker (-i)

Describing nouns (-e / -ye)

Possession (-e / -ye)

Singular possessives (-am, -at, -ash)

Plural possessives (-emân, -etân, -eshân)

Basic prepositions (dar, be, az, bâ)

Spatial prepositions (ru-ye, zir-e...)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yek, do, se...)

Numbers and singular nouns

Numbers 11 to 20 (yâzdah, davâzdah...)

Counting by tens to 100

Telling time (sâ'at)

The verb to have (dâram)

Negative to have (nadâram)

Basic word order (SOV)

Infinitives and present stems (-an)

Present indicative (mi-)

Negative present indicative (nemi-)

Compound verbs

Question words (che, kojâ)

How many (chand)

The definite object marker (râ)

Object pronouns (man râ, to râ)

Singular commands (be-)

Formal and plural commands (be- ... -id)

Negative commands (na-)

The present subjunctive (be-)

The negative present subjunctive (na-)

Must (bâyad)

Might (shâyad)

Wanting to do something (khâstan)

Being able to do something (tavânestan)

Forming the past stem

The simple past of to be (budan)

The simple past tense

Negative simple past (na-)

Attached object pronouns on verbs (-am, -at, -ash)

Comparative adjectives (-tar)

Basic conjunctions (va, ammâ, yâ)

Giving reasons (chon)

Adverbs of frequency and degree (hamishe, hargez, kheyli, kam)

Everyday actions (kâr kardan, bâz kardan)

Non-human plural subjects

Indefinite pronouns (kasi, chizi, jâyi)

Negative indefinite pronouns (hich-kas, hich-chiz, hich-jâ)

Reciprocal pronouns (hamdigar, yekdigar)

Reflexive pronouns (khod-)

Reflexive direct objects (khod râ)

Emphatic pronouns (khod)

The quantifier every (har)

The quantifier all (hame)

The quantifier some (ba'zi)

Another and other (-i digar)

Which (kodâm)

How much (cheghadr)

Comparisons of equality (mesl-e)

Superlative adjectives (-tarin)

Irregular comparatives and superlatives

Ordinal numbers (-om)

Pre-nominal ordinal numbers (-omin)

Fractions and percentages

Prepositions of theme (dar mored-e)

Prepositions of time (ghabl az, ba'd az)

Preposition of exclusion (bedun-e)

Resultative conjunctions (banâbarin, pas)

Hortative construction (biyâ, biyâyid)

The present progressive tense (dâram mi-)

The past continuous tense (mi-)

Negative past continuous (ne-mi-)

Past continuous of to have (dâshtam)

The past progressive tense (dâshtam mi-)

The past participle (-e)

Present perfect tense (-e-am, -e-ast)

Negative present perfect (na-)

Question	Answer
ecosystem	اکوسیستمekosistem
moss	خزهkhaze
pebble / gravel	سنگ‌ریزهsang-rize
The ecosystem needs moss and pebbles.	اکوسیستم به خزه و سنگ‌ریزه نیاز دارد.ekosistem be khaze va sang-rize niyâz dârad.
layer	لایهlâye
This ecosystem needs a layer of soil.	این اکوسیستم به یک لایه‌ی خاک نیاز دارد.in ekosistem be yek lâye-ye khâk niâz dârad.
Before you plant any plants, you must put a layer of pebbles.	قبل از اینکه گیاه بکارید، باید یک لایه‌ی سنگ‌ریزه بگذارید.ghabl az inke giyâh bekârid, bâyad yek lâye-ye sang-rize begzârid.
terrarium	تراریومterâriom
I have put a layer of moss inside the terrarium.	یک لایه‌ی خزه داخل تراریوم گذاشته‌ام.yek lâye-ye khaze dâkhel terârium gozâshte-am.
humidity / moisture	رطوبتrotubat
Before you close the terrarium door, check the humidity.	قبل از اینکه در تراریوم را ببندید، رطوبت را چک کنید.qabl az inke dar-e terârium râ bebandid, rotubat râ chek konid.
fresh / vibrant (lively, blooming)	شادابshâdâb
The plants will not stay fresh unless you check the humidity.	گیاهان شاداب نمی‌مانند، مگر اینکه رطوبت را چک کنید.giâhân shâdâb nemimânand, magar inke rotubat râ chek konid.
to rot / to decay	پوسیدنpusidan
I am worried that the plants will rot in high humidity.	از اینکه گیاهان در رطوبت زیاد بپوسند نگران هستم.az inke giyâhân dar rotubat ziyâd bepusand negarân hastam.
I am happy that I have built this terrarium.	از اینکه این تراریوم را ساخته‌ام خوشحال هستم.az in-ke in terârium râ sâkhte-am khoshhâl hastam.
surprised / amazed	شگفت‌زدهshegeft-zade
I am surprised that the moss has survived.	از اینکه خزه زنده مانده است شگفت‌زده هستم.az inke khaze zende mânde ast shegeft-zade hastam.
I am surprised that the moss is fresh and does not rot.	من از اینکه خزه شاداب است و نمی‌پوسد شگفت‌زده هستم.man az in-ke khaze shâdâb ast va nemi-pusad shegeft-zade hastam.
He is amazed that the ecosystem survived.	او از اینکه اکوسیستم زنده ماند شگفت‌زده است.u az inke ekosistem zende mând shegeft-zade ast.
relieved / at peace	آسودهâsude
I am relieved that the terrarium stays fresh without me opening the door.	از اینکه تراریوم بدون اینکه در را باز کنم شاداب می‌ماند آسوده‌ام.az inke terârium bedune inke dar râ bâz konam shâdâb mimânad âsude'am.
Although the humidity was low, we are relieved that the mosses did not rot.	هرچند رطوبت کم بود، از اینکه خزه‌ها نپوسیدند آسوده‌ایم.harchand rotubat kam bud, az inke khazehâ napusidand âsude'im.
to mold	کپک زدنkapak zadan
I am sad that the terrarium soil molded.	از اینکه خاک تراریوم کپک زد ناراحتم.az inke khâk terâriom kapak zad nârâhatam.
I am amazed that this moss did not mold!	از اینکه این خزه کپک نزد شگفت‌زده‌ام!az inke in khaze kapak nazad shegeft-zade-am!

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