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### Reflexive Verbs in the Present Perfect

When describing how people behaved, felt, or reacted in the past, you often use reflexive verbs in the present perfect tense.

**All** reflexive verbs in Dutch use the auxiliary verb **hebben** (to have). They never use *zijn*.

In a main clause, the conjugated form of *hebben* takes the second position, the reflexive pronoun follows the verb or subject, and the past participle goes at the end of the clause.

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Here is a quick reminder of the reflexive pronouns:

| Subject | Reflexive Pronoun |
|---|---|
| ik | me |
| jij | je |
| u | u / zich |
| hij / zij / het | zich |
| wij | ons |
| jullie | je |
| zij (plural) | zich |

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### Separable Reflexive Verbs

Many reflexive verbs are also separable, such as *zich aanpassen* (to adapt) or *zich inschrijven* (to register).

When forming the past participle, the **-ge-** prefix goes between the separable prefix and the core verb (resulting in words like *aangepast* and *ingeschreven*).

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### Fixed Prepositions

Some reflexive verbs pair with a fixed preposition, such as *zich verheugen op* (to look forward to) and *zich bemoeien met* (to interfere with).

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Reflexive verbs in the present perfect

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

determiner/pronoun

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular pronouns and 'to be' (ik ben, hij is)

The formal 'you' (u bent)

Definite articles (de, het)

Plural pronouns and 'to be' (wij zijn)

The verb 'to have' (hebben)

Basic word order

Numbers 1 to 10 (een, twee, drie)

Verb stems and the 'I' form (ik werk)

Long vowels in verb stems (maken, ik maak)

Short vowels in verb stems (zitten, ik zit)

Present tense singular (-t)

Present tense plural (-en)

Yes/no questions

Question words (wie, wat, waar)

Noun negation (geen)

Plural nouns (-en)

Plural nouns (-s)

Diminutives (-je)

Adjective modifiers (heel, erg, te)

Verb negation (niet)

Singular possessives (mijn, jouw, zijn, haar)

Plural and formal possessives (ons/onze, jullie, hun, uw)

This and these (deze, dit)

That and those (die, dat)

Asking which (welke, welk)

Numbers 11 to 20 (elf, twaalf, dertien...)

Tens and compound numbers (dertig, veertig...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (eerste, tweede...)

Telling time: hours and half hours (uur, half)

Telling time: quarters (kwart over, kwart voor)

Question words (hoeveel, waarom)

Irregular verbs (doen, gaan, staan, zien, komen)

Adjective endings (+e)

Adjectives with 'het' words

Prepositions of place (uit, bij)

Subject-verb inversion

Time before place

Modal verbs (willen, kunnen)

Modal verbs (moeten, mogen)

The verb bracket

Separable prefix verbs

The imperative mood (kom, luister)

Singular object pronouns (mij, jou, hem, haar)

Plural and formal object pronouns (ons, jullie, hen, u)

Reflexive verbs and pronouns (zich, me, je)

Position of negation (niet)

The present perfect tense with regular verbs (hebben gewerkt)

The present perfect tense with motion verbs (zijn gegaan)

Irregular past participles (gezien, gedaan)

The present continuous (zijn aan het)

There is / there are (er is, er zijn)

Unstressed there (er)

And, but, or (en, maar, of)

Because (want)

Months of the year

Prepositions of time (om, van ... tot)

Greetings and politeness

Conversational glue

Prepositions with days (op)

Prepositions with seasons (in)

Genitive of time ('s morgens, 's nachts)

Adverbs of frequency (altijd, vaak)

The future tense (gaan)

The future tense (zullen)

Separable verbs with auxiliary verbs

Apostrophe plurals ('-s)

Irregular plurals (-eren)

Complex diminutives (-pje, -etje, -kje)

Possessive 's (Jan's, vaders)

Indefinite pronouns (iets, niemand, alles)

Indefinite subject pronoun (je)

Reciprocal pronoun (elkaar)

Comparative adjectives (-er dan)

Comparatives with spelling change (-der)

Superlative adjectives (-st)

Irregular comparisons (beter, meer, minder)

Expressing preference (graag, liever, het liefst)

Equality comparisons (even ... als)

Fixed prepositions

That clauses (dat)

Because clauses (omdat)

If and when clauses (als)

Inversion after clauses

Separable verbs in clauses

Negation in clauses (niet)

Past tense of to be (was / waren)

Past tense of to have (had / hadden)

Question	Answer
to oversleep	zich verslapen
I overslept today, so I am late.	Ik heb me vandaag verslapen, dus ik ben te laat.
My brother overslept yesterday.	Mijn broer heeft zich gisteren verslapen.
to wonder	zich afvragen
We wondered why he did that.	Wij hebben ons afgevraagd waarom hij dat heeft gedaan.
I have often wondered if he is coming.	Ik heb me vaak afgevraagd of hij komt.
to change one's mind	zich bedenken
Have you changed your mind?	Heb jij je bedacht?
He left, because he changed his mind.	Hij is vertrokken, want hij heeft zich bedacht.
to adapt	zich aanpassen
They adapted quickly to the new rules.	Ze hebben zich snel aangepast aan de nieuwe regels.
The dog has adapted well to the apartment.	De hond heeft zich goed aangepast aan het appartement.
to look forward to	zich verheugen op
We really looked forward to the holiday.	Wij hebben ons erg verheugd op de vakantie.
We looked forward to the weekend to rest.	Wij hebben ons verheugd op het weekend om uit te rusten.
to interfere with	zich bemoeien met
My colleague interfered with the project.	Mijn collega heeft zich bemoeid met het project.
Why did you interfere with their conversation?	Waarom heb jij je bemoeid met hun gesprek?
to turn around	zich omdraaien
I turned around to look.	Ik heb me omgedraaid om te kijken.
The man turned around suddenly.	De man heeft zich plotseling omgedraaid.
to register	zich inschrijven
I have registered for the course.	Ik heb me ingeschreven voor de cursus.
Did you register at the gym?	Heb jij je ingeschreven bij de sportschool?
to develop	zich ontwikkelen
The city has developed quickly.	De stad heeft zich snel ontwikkeld.
Our child has developed well.	Ons kind heeft zich goed ontwikkeld.
to change clothes	zich omkleden
I changed clothes for the party.	Ik heb me omgekleed voor het feest.
The actor changed clothes immediately.	De acteur heeft zich meteen omgekleed.