Chinese (Mandarin)

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic (Modern Standard)

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Dari

Farsi

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

When you want to refer back to an entire preceding idea or sentence—rather than just a single noun—use **مما**. In English, this is usually translated as "which".

{{item:1150719}}

### Expressing Results and Consequences

**مما** is extremely common when describing cause and effect. It is frequently followed by verbs that introduce a consequence, such as **أدى إلى** (to lead to) or **جعل** (to make or cause). 

After the first clause forms a complete thought, place a comma (،), add **مما**, and state the resulting action.

{{item:1150725}}

{{item:1150730}}

{{item:1150734}}

### Commenting on States and Actions

You can use **مما** to add commentary to any ongoing state or completed action, whether positive or negative. 

{{item:1150728}}

{{item:1150736}}

{{item:1150738}}

Referring back to a clause (مِمّا)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

interrogative

noun

numeral

particle

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

The definite article and locatives (الـ)

Basic noun gender (ة)

Sun and moon letters

Singular subject pronouns (أنا، أنت، هو، هي)

Indefinite nouns and nominal sentences (ـٌ)

Demonstrative pronouns for 'this' (هذا / هذه)

Separate prepositions (في، من، إلى، على)

Attributive adjectives

Predicative adjectives

Yes/No questions (هل، أ)

Basic questions (من، ما، أين)

Singular possessive pronouns (ـي، ـك، ـه، ـها)

Plural subject pronouns (نحن، أنتم، هم)

Plural possessive pronouns (ـنا، ـكم، ـهم)

Noun possession

Attached prepositions (بـ، لـ، كـ)

Pronouns with prepositions

Having and possessing (عند، لـ، مع)

Regular plural nouns (ـون، ـين، ـات)

Broken plurals

Dual nouns (ـان / ـين)

Plural and distant demonstratives (هؤلاء، ذلك، تلك)

Non-human plural agreement

Present tense singular verbs

Verbal sentences (VSO)

Present tense plural verbs

Topicalized sentences (SVO)

The indefinite accusative case (ـاً)

Verb object pronouns (-ني، -ك، -ه)

Present tense negation (لا)

Question words with verbs (متى، كيف...)

Adverbs of time and place

The future tense (سـ / سوف)

Intentions and desires (أن)

Negating states and possession (ليس)

Past tense singular suffixes

Past tense plural suffixes

Negating past events (ما)

Singular commands

Numbers 1 to 10

Number agreement for 1 and 2 (واحد، اثنان)

Asking how many (كم)

Numbers 3 to 10 (ثلاثة إلى عشرة)

Ordinal numbers 1 to 10 (الأول، الثاني)

Basic conjunctions (فـ، أو، لكن)

Ordering at a café (واحد، اثنان)

Food and drink with conjunctions (و، ف، أو، لكن)

There is and there are (هناك / ليس هناك)

Direct address (يا)

Giving reasons (لأنّ)

Relative pronouns (الذي / التي)

Quantifiers (كل / بعض)

The past tense of 'to be' (كان)

Past possession

Numbers 11 to 19 and tens to 80

Telling time (الساعة)

This book vs this is a book (هذا الكتاب، هذا كتاب)

Greetings (مرحبا، السلام عليكم)

How are you? and goodbye (كيف حالك، مع السلامة)

Nationalities (مصري، مصرية)

Roots and patterns (كتب، كتاب، مكتب)

Politeness (من فضلك، آسف)

Complex possession chains

Colors and traits (أفعل / فعلاء)

Plural colors and traits (فُعْل)

Comparative adjectives (أفعل من)

Superlative adjectives (أفعل)

Adverbs of manner (ـاً)

The nominative case (ـُ)

The genitive case (ـِ)

The accusative case (ـَ)

Dual noun cases (ـان / ـين)

Masculine plurals and 'the best of' (أفضل النجارين)

Emphasizing sentences (إنّ)

Connecting clauses (أنّ)

Reporting speech (قال إنّ)

Expressing contrast (لكنّ)

Comparison and probability (كأنّ, لعلّ)

Distant plural pointing (أولئك)

Plural relative pronouns (الذين, اللواتي)

Past habits (كان + present)

Ongoing actions (ما زال)

Masculine plurals online (مبرمجون، مؤثرون)

Perfective past (قد)

Probability (قد)

The subjunctive mood (أن)

Question	Answer
hot air balloon	منطادmintâd
which (referring to a clause)	مماmimmâ
The hot air balloon flew over the city, which pleased the people.	طار المنطاد فوق المدينة، مما أعجب الناس.târa al-mintâdu fawqa al-madînati, mimmâ a'jaba an-nâsa
to heat	سخنsakhkhana
air	هواءhawâ'
Maryam heated the air in the hot air balloon.	سخنت مريم الهواء في المنطاد.sakhkhanat maryamu l-hawâ'a fil-minṭâd
to lead to	أدى إلىaddâ ilâ
ascent	صعودsu'ûd
He heated the air, which led to the ascent of the hot air balloon.	سخن الهواء، مما أدى إلى صعود المنطاد.sakhkhana al-hawâ'a, mimmâ addâ ilâ su'ûdi al-mintâd.
to float	طفاtafâ
The hot air balloon floated in the air calmly.	طفا المنطاد في الهواء بهدوء.tafa al-mintâdu fi al-hawâ'i bihudû'in
The hot air balloon was not floating, which bothered the passengers.	لم يكن المنطاد يطفو، مما أزعج الركاب.lam yakuni al-mintâdu yatfû, mimmâ az'aja ar-rukkâb.
to control (to regulate, manipulate)	تحكم فيtahakkum fi
The coach does not control the winds, which makes flying difficult.	لا تتحكم المدربة في الرياح، مما يجعل الطيران صعبا.lâ tatahakkamu al-mudarribatu fī ar-riyâhi, mimmâ yaj'alu at-tayarâna sa'ban
She controlled the hot air balloon well, which led to an enjoyable trip.	تحكمت في المنطاد جيدا، مما أدى إلى رحلة ممتعة.tahakkamat fil mintaadi jayyidan, mimma adda ila rihlatin mumti'ah
to reduce (intensity, weight, pain)	خففkhaffafa
The passenger threw the sandbag, which lightened the weight.	رمى الراكب كيس الرمل، مما خفف الوزن.ramā ar-rākibu kīsa ar-ramli, mimmā khaffafa al-wazna
The pilot reduced the weight, which led to the ascent of the hot air balloon.	خفف الطيار الوزن، مما أدى إلى صعود المنطاد.khaffafa at-tayyâru al-wazna, mimmâ addâ ilâ su'ûdi al-mintâd.
to descend	هبطhabata
The hot air balloon descended in the farm, which bothered the sheep.	هبط المنطاد في المزرعة، مما أزعج الخراف.habata al-mintâdu fî al-mazra'ati, mimmâ az'aja al-khirâfa.
It was not descending quickly, which made the passengers calm.	لم يكن يهبط بسرعة، مما جعل الركاب هادئين.lam yakun yahbitu bisur'atin, mimmâ ja'ala r-rukkâba hâdi'în
The hot air balloon floated over the forest, which gave us a wonderful view.	طفا المنطاد فوق الغابة، مما أعطانا منظرا رائعا.tafâ al-mintâdu fawqa al-ghâbati, mimmâ a'tânâ manzaran râ'i'an.