When you want to refer back to an entire preceding idea or sentence—rather than just a single noun—use مما. In English, this is usually translated as "which".
| The hot air balloon flew over the city, which pleased the people. | طار المنطاد فوق المدينة، مما أعجب الناس.târa al-mintâdu fawqa al-madînati, mimmâ a'jaba an-nâsa |
Expressing Results and Consequences
مما is extremely common when describing cause and effect. It is frequently followed by verbs that introduce a consequence, such as أدى إلى (to lead to) or جعل (to make or cause).
After the first clause forms a complete thought, place a comma (،), add مما, and state the resulting action.
| He heated the air, which led to the ascent of the hot air balloon. | سخن الهواء، مما أدى إلى صعود المنطاد.sakhkhana al-hawâ'a, mimmâ addâ ilâ su'ûdi al-mintâd. |
| The coach does not control the winds, which makes flying difficult. | لا تتحكم المدربة في الرياح، مما يجعل الطيران صعبا.lâ tatahakkamu al-mudarribatu fī ar-riyâhi, mimmâ yaj'alu at-tayarâna sa'ban |
| The pilot reduced the weight, which led to the ascent of the hot air balloon. | خفف الطيار الوزن، مما أدى إلى صعود المنطاد.khaffafa at-tayyâru al-wazna, mimmâ addâ ilâ su'ûdi al-mintâd. |
Commenting on States and Actions
You can use مما to add commentary to any ongoing state or completed action, whether positive or negative.
| The hot air balloon was not floating, which bothered the passengers. | لم يكن المنطاد يطفو، مما أزعج الركاب.lam yakuni al-mintâdu yatfû, mimmâ az'aja ar-rukkâb. |
| The hot air balloon descended in the farm, which bothered the sheep. | هبط المنطاد في المزرعة، مما أزعج الخراف.habata al-mintâdu fî al-mazra'ati, mimmâ az'aja al-khirâfa. |
| The hot air balloon floated over the forest, which gave us a wonderful view. | طفا المنطاد فوق الغابة، مما أعطانا منظرا رائعا.tafâ al-mintâdu fawqa al-ghâbati, mimmâ a'tânâ manzaran râ'i'an. |
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