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### Pointing at People: هؤلاء

To say "these" for a group of people close to you, use the plural demonstrative **هؤلاء**. It works for both masculine and feminine groups, but is strictly reserved for *humans*.

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### Pointing Further Away: ذلك and تلك

To say "that" for someone or something further away, use the demonstrative that matches the noun's gender:

- **ذلك** for masculine singular nouns.
- **تلك** for feminine singular nouns.

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### "Those" Fruits and Vegetables

General categories of produce like oranges (**برتقال**), bananas (**موز**), and apples (**تفاح**) are collective nouns. They refer to the fruit as a whole category rather than individual pieces and are treated as *masculine singular*.

To say "those apples" or "those oranges," use the masculine singular **ذلك**.

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Meanwhile, non-human plurals—including words like vegetables (**خضار**)—are treated as *feminine singular*. To say "those vegetables," use **تلك**.

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Plural and distant demonstratives (هؤلاء، ذلك، تلك)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

interrogative

noun

numeral

particle

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

The definite article and locatives (الـ)

Basic noun gender (ة)

Sun and moon letters

Singular subject pronouns (أنا، أنت، هو، هي)

Indefinite nouns and nominal sentences (ـٌ)

Demonstrative pronouns for 'this' (هذا / هذه)

Separate prepositions (في، من، إلى، على)

Attributive adjectives

Predicative adjectives

Yes/No questions (هل، أ)

Basic questions (من، ما، أين)

Singular possessive pronouns (ـي، ـك، ـه، ـها)

Plural subject pronouns (نحن، أنتم، هم)

Plural possessive pronouns (ـنا، ـكم، ـهم)

Noun possession

Attached prepositions (بـ، لـ، كـ)

Pronouns with prepositions

Having and possessing (عند، لـ، مع)

Regular plural nouns (ـون، ـين، ـات)

Broken plurals

Dual nouns (ـان / ـين)

Non-human plural agreement

Present tense singular verbs

Verbal sentences (VSO)

Present tense plural verbs

Topicalized sentences (SVO)

The indefinite accusative case (ـاً)

Verb object pronouns (-ني، -ك، -ه)

Present tense negation (لا)

Question words with verbs (متى، كيف...)

Adverbs of time and place

The future tense (سـ / سوف)

Intentions and desires (أن)

Negating states and possession (ليس)

Past tense singular suffixes

Past tense plural suffixes

Negating past events (ما)

Singular commands

Numbers 1 to 10

Number agreement for 1 and 2 (واحد، اثنان)

Asking how many (كم)

Numbers 3 to 10 (ثلاثة إلى عشرة)

Ordinal numbers 1 to 10 (الأول، الثاني)

Basic conjunctions (فـ، أو، لكن)

Ordering at a café (واحد، اثنان)

Food and drink with conjunctions (و، ف، أو، لكن)

There is and there are (هناك / ليس هناك)

Direct address (يا)

Giving reasons (لأنّ)

Relative pronouns (الذي / التي)

Quantifiers (كل / بعض)

The past tense of 'to be' (كان)

Past possession

Numbers 11 to 19 and tens to 80

Telling time (الساعة)

This book vs this is a book (هذا الكتاب، هذا كتاب)

Greetings (مرحبا، السلام عليكم)

How are you? and goodbye (كيف حالك، مع السلامة)

Nationalities (مصري، مصرية)

Roots and patterns (كتب، كتاب، مكتب)

Politeness (من فضلك، آسف)

Complex possession chains

Colors and traits (أفعل / فعلاء)

Plural colors and traits (فُعْل)

Comparative adjectives (أفعل من)

Superlative adjectives (أفعل)

Adverbs of manner (ـاً)

The nominative case (ـُ)

The genitive case (ـِ)

The accusative case (ـَ)

Dual noun cases (ـان / ـين)

Masculine plurals and 'the best of' (أفضل النجارين)

Emphasizing sentences (إنّ)

Connecting clauses (أنّ)

Reporting speech (قال إنّ)

Expressing contrast (لكنّ)

Comparison and probability (كأنّ, لعلّ)

Distant plural pointing (أولئك)

Plural relative pronouns (الذين, اللواتي)

Past habits (كان + present)

Ongoing actions (ما زال)

Masculine plurals online (مبرمجون، مؤثرون)

Perfective past (قد)

Probability (قد)

The subjunctive mood (أن)

Expressing purpose (لـ)

Question	Answer
these (human plural)	هؤلاءhâ'ulâ'i
seller	بائعbâ'i'
These men are sellers in the market.	هؤلاء الرجال بائعون في السوق.hâ'ulâ'i r-rijâlu bâ'i'ûna fi s-sûq
that (masculine)	ذلكzâlika
That seller is busy now.	ذلك البائع مشغول الآن.dhâlika al-bâ'i'u mashghûlun al-âna
oranges	برتقالburtuqâl
bananas	موزmawz
These sellers have oranges and bananas.	هؤلاء البائعون عندهم برتقال وموز.hâ'ulâ'i al-bâ'i'ûna 'indahum burtuqâlun wa mawzun
fresh	طازجtâzij
Are those oranges fresh?	هل ذلك البرتقال طازج؟hal dhâlika al-burtuqâlu tâzijun?
Those bananas are also fresh.	ذلك الموز طازج أيضا.dhâlika-l-mawzu tâzijun aydan
that (feminine/non-human plural)	تلكtilka
vegetables	خضارkhudâr
cheap	رخيصrakhîs
Those vegetables are cheap.	تلك الخضار رخيصة.tilka l-khudâru rakhîsah
The vegetables in that market are also cheap.	الخضار في ذلك السوق رخيصة أيضا.al-khudâru fî dhâlika s-sûqi rakhîsatun aydan
apples	تفاحtuffâh
Those apples are delicious.	ذلك التفاح لذيذ.dhâlika at-tuffâhu ladhîdh
The price of those apples is cheap.	سعر ذلك التفاح رخيص.si'ru dhâlika at-tuffâhi rakhîsun
These students are from that school.	هؤلاء الطلاب من تلك المدرسة.haa'ulaa'i at-tullaabu min tilka al-madrasati
Is that woman a nurse?	هل تلك المرأة ممرضة؟hal tilka al-mar'atu mumarridatun?
That restaurant is cheap.	ذلك المطعم رخيص.dhâlika al-mat'amu rakheesun

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