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### The Particle قد

To express that an action has *already* happened or has just been completed—similar to the present perfect "have/has done" in English—Arabic uses the particle قد directly before a past tense verb.

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This structure is especially useful when going through a checklist, like preparing for a wedding.

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### Word Order

The particle قد must immediately precede the verb. The subject of the sentence can come after the verb (the standard verbal sentence order) or before the particle قد (if you are starting with a noun for emphasis).

Subject after the verb:

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Subject before قد:

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### Pronoun Subjects

If the subject is a pronoun built directly into the verb (such as the "we" in "we arranged"), قد simply goes before the conjugated verb as usual.

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Perfective past (قد)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

interrogative

noun

numeral

particle

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

The definite article and locatives (الـ)

Basic noun gender (ة)

Sun and moon letters

Singular subject pronouns (أنا، أنت، هو، هي)

Indefinite nouns and nominal sentences (ـٌ)

Demonstrative pronouns for 'this' (هذا / هذه)

Separate prepositions (في، من، إلى، على)

Attributive adjectives

Predicative adjectives

Yes/No questions (هل، أ)

Basic questions (من، ما، أين)

Singular possessive pronouns (ـي، ـك، ـه، ـها)

Plural subject pronouns (نحن، أنتم، هم)

Plural possessive pronouns (ـنا، ـكم، ـهم)

Noun possession

Attached prepositions (بـ، لـ، كـ)

Pronouns with prepositions

Having and possessing (عند، لـ، مع)

Regular plural nouns (ـون، ـين، ـات)

Broken plurals

Dual nouns (ـان / ـين)

Plural and distant demonstratives (هؤلاء، ذلك، تلك)

Non-human plural agreement

Present tense singular verbs

Verbal sentences (VSO)

Present tense plural verbs

Topicalized sentences (SVO)

The indefinite accusative case (ـاً)

Verb object pronouns (-ني، -ك، -ه)

Present tense negation (لا)

Question words with verbs (متى، كيف...)

Adverbs of time and place

The future tense (سـ / سوف)

Intentions and desires (أن)

Negating states and possession (ليس)

Past tense singular suffixes

Past tense plural suffixes

Negating past events (ما)

Singular commands

Numbers 1 to 10

Number agreement for 1 and 2 (واحد، اثنان)

Asking how many (كم)

Numbers 3 to 10 (ثلاثة إلى عشرة)

Ordinal numbers 1 to 10 (الأول، الثاني)

Basic conjunctions (فـ، أو، لكن)

Ordering at a café (واحد، اثنان)

Food and drink with conjunctions (و، ف، أو، لكن)

There is and there are (هناك / ليس هناك)

Direct address (يا)

Giving reasons (لأنّ)

Relative pronouns (الذي / التي)

Quantifiers (كل / بعض)

The past tense of 'to be' (كان)

Past possession

Numbers 11 to 19 and tens to 80

Telling time (الساعة)

This book vs this is a book (هذا الكتاب، هذا كتاب)

Greetings (مرحبا، السلام عليكم)

How are you? and goodbye (كيف حالك، مع السلامة)

Nationalities (مصري، مصرية)

Roots and patterns (كتب، كتاب، مكتب)

Politeness (من فضلك، آسف)

Complex possession chains

Colors and traits (أفعل / فعلاء)

Plural colors and traits (فُعْل)

Comparative adjectives (أفعل من)

Superlative adjectives (أفعل)

Adverbs of manner (ـاً)

The nominative case (ـُ)

The genitive case (ـِ)

The accusative case (ـَ)

Dual noun cases (ـان / ـين)

Masculine plurals and 'the best of' (أفضل النجارين)

Emphasizing sentences (إنّ)

Connecting clauses (أنّ)

Reporting speech (قال إنّ)

Expressing contrast (لكنّ)

Comparison and probability (كأنّ, لعلّ)

Distant plural pointing (أولئك)

Plural relative pronouns (الذين, اللواتي)

Past habits (كان + present)

Ongoing actions (ما زال)

Masculine plurals online (مبرمجون، مؤثرون)

Probability (قد)

The subjunctive mood (أن)

Expressing purpose (لـ)

Question	Answer
already	قدqad
groom	عريسʿarîs
wedding	زفافzifâf
The groom has booked the wedding hall.	قد حجز العريس قاعة الزفاف.qad hajaza al-'arîsu qâ'ata az-zifâfi
to choose	اختارikhtâra
bride	عروس'arûs
dress	فستانfustân
The bride has chosen the wedding dress.	قد اختارت العروس فستان الزفاف.qadi-khtârati l-'arûsu fustâna z-zifâf
suit	بدلةbadla
The groom has bought the suit.	قد اشترى العريس البدلة.qadi shtarâ l-'arîsu l-badlata.
to arrange	رتبrattaba
decoration	زينةzîna
Yes, we have arranged the hall decoration.	نعم، قد رتبنا زينة القاعة.na'am, qad rattabnâ zînatal-qâ'ah.
The guest has chosen the wedding gift.	الضيف قد اختار هدية الزفاف.ad-dayfu qadi ikhtâra hadiyyata az-zifâfi.
The groom has bought that suit.	العريس قد اشترى تلك البدلة.al-'arîsu qadi shtarâ tilka l-badlata
The bride has chosen the new dress.	العروس قد اختارت الفستان الجديد.al-'arûsu qadi-khtâratil fustânal jadîd
We have put the decoration in that hall.	قد وضعنا الزينة في تلك القاعة.qad wada'nâ az-zînata fî tilka al-qâ'a.
ring	خاتمkhâtam
The bride has bought the ring that is in the store.	العروس قد اشترت الخاتم الذي في المتجر.al'arûsu qadi shtaratil khâtamal ladhî fil matjari
The groom has chosen this ring.	قد اختار العريس هذا الخاتم.qadi ikhtâra al-'arîsu hâdhâ al-khâtama
The groom has arranged the wedding decorations.	قد رتب العريس زينة الزفاف.qad rattaba al-'arîsu zînata az-zifâf.
indeed (with a past verb: has / have …)	لقدlaqad
The groom has chosen the ring.	لقد اختار العريس الخاتم.laqadi ikhtâra al-arîsu al-khâtama
The guest has booked a room in the hotel.	لقد حجز الضيف غرفة في الفندق.laqad hajaza ad-dayfu ghurfatan fil funduqi
The bride has arranged the hall.	لقد رتبت العروس القاعة.laqad rattabati l-'arusu l-qa'ah

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