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### رأى: the hamza disappears

In the past رأى is regular: رأيتُ, رأتْ, رأوا. In the present the hamza drops: يرى, ترى, نرى. After لم the final alif goes too: لم يرَ.

| | past | present | after لم |
|---|---|---|---|
| I | رأيتُ | أرى | لم أرَ |
| you (f.) | رأيتِ | تَرَيْنَ | لم تَرَيْ |
| he | رأى | يرى | لم يرَ |
| they | رأَوْا | يَرَوْنَ | لم يَرَوْا |

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### روى، نوى: و in the middle, ى at the end

Here the middle و acts like an ordinary consonant, and the end acts exactly like مشى / يمشي.

| | روى *to narrate* | نوى *to intend* |
|---|---|---|
| I (past) | رَوَيْتُ | نَوَيْتُ |
| they (past) | رَوَوْا | نَوَوْا |
| he (present) | يَرْوي | يَنْوي |
| they (present) | يَرْوونَ | يَنْوونَ |
| after لم | لم يَرْوِ | لم يَنْوِ |

شوى *to grill*, كوى *to iron* and طوى *to fold* go the same way: يشوي, يكوي, يطوي. The command is اِرْوِ, like امشِ.

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### وفى: weak at both ends

**{{item:1152961}}** *to keep (one's word)* starts with و and ends with ى. The present drops the و, like وصل / يصل, and ends like يمشي: يفي. After لم only one root letter is left: لم يفِ.

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Doubly weak verbs (رأى، روى، نوى)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

interrogative

noun

numeral

particle

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

The definite article and locatives (الـ)

Basic noun gender (ة)

Sun and moon letters

Singular subject pronouns (أنا، أنت، هو، هي)

Indefinite nouns and nominal sentences (ـٌ)

Demonstrative pronouns for 'this' (هذا / هذه)

Separate prepositions (في، من، إلى، على)

Attributive adjectives

Predicative adjectives

Yes/No questions (هل، أ)

Basic questions (من، ما، أين)

Singular possessive pronouns (ـي، ـك، ـه، ـها)

Plural subject pronouns (نحن، أنتم، هم)

Plural possessive pronouns (ـنا، ـكم، ـهم)

Noun possession

Attached prepositions (بـ، لـ، كـ)

Pronouns with prepositions

Having and possessing (عند، لـ، مع)

Regular plural nouns (ـون، ـين، ـات)

Broken plurals

Dual nouns (ـان / ـين)

Plural and distant demonstratives (هؤلاء، ذلك، تلك)

Non-human plural agreement

Present tense singular verbs

Verbal sentences (VSO)

Present tense plural verbs

Topicalized sentences (SVO)

The indefinite accusative case (ـاً)

Verb object pronouns (-ني، -ك، -ه)

Present tense negation (لا)

Question words with verbs (متى، كيف...)

Adverbs of time and place

The future tense (سـ / سوف)

Intentions and desires (أن)

Negating states and possession (ليس)

Past tense singular suffixes

Past tense plural suffixes

Negating past events (ما)

Singular commands

Numbers 1 to 10

Number agreement for 1 and 2 (واحد، اثنان)

Asking how many (كم)

Numbers 3 to 10 (ثلاثة إلى عشرة)

Ordinal numbers 1 to 10 (الأول، الثاني)

Basic conjunctions (فـ، أو، لكن)

Ordering at a café (واحد، اثنان)

Food and drink with conjunctions (و، ف، أو، لكن)

There is and there are (هناك / ليس هناك)

Direct address (يا)

Giving reasons (لأنّ)

Relative pronouns (الذي / التي)

Quantifiers (كل / بعض)

The past tense of 'to be' (كان)

Past possession

Numbers 11 to 19 and tens to 80

Telling time (الساعة)

This book vs this is a book (هذا الكتاب، هذا كتاب)

Greetings (مرحبا، السلام عليكم)

How are you? and goodbye (كيف حالك، مع السلامة)

Nationalities (مصري، مصرية)

Roots and patterns (كتب، كتاب، مكتب)

Politeness (من فضلك، آسف)

Complex possession chains

Colors and traits (أفعل / فعلاء)

Plural colors and traits (فُعْل)

Comparative adjectives (أفعل من)

Superlative adjectives (أفعل)

Adverbs of manner (ـاً)

The nominative case (ـُ)

The genitive case (ـِ)

The accusative case (ـَ)

Dual noun cases (ـان / ـين)

Masculine plurals and 'the best of' (أفضل النجارين)

Emphasizing sentences (إنّ)

Connecting clauses (أنّ)

Reporting speech (قال إنّ)

Expressing contrast (لكنّ)

Comparison and probability (كأنّ, لعلّ)

Distant plural pointing (أولئك)

Plural relative pronouns (الذين, اللواتي)

Past habits (كان + present)

Ongoing actions (ما زال)

Masculine plurals online (مبرمجون، مؤثرون)

Perfective past (قد)

Probability (قد)

The subjunctive mood (أن)

Question	Answer
narrator, storyteller	راويrâwi
The storyteller sees the audience from his place.	يرى الراوي الجمهور من مكانه.yarâ ar-râwî al-jumhûra min makânihi
I saw the storyteller at the evening gathering yesterday.	رأيت الراوي في السهرة أمس.ra'aytu ar-râwiya fis-sahrati amsi
Do you (f) see the moon above the tent?	هل ترين القمر فوق الخيمة؟hal tarayna al-qamara fawqa al-khaymati?
They saw a monster in the cave.	رأوا وحشا في الكهف.ra'aw waḥshan fî al-kahfi.
My sister ironed her shirt before the evening gathering.	كوت أختي قميصها قبل السهرة.kawat ukhtî qamîsahâ qabla s-sahra.
merchant	تاجرtâjir
The merchant didn't see the thief in the darkness.	لم ير التاجر اللص في الظلام.lam yara at-tâjiru al-lissa fi az-zalâm
to narrate, relate (a story)	روىrawâ
My grandmother used to tell us a tale every night.	كانت جدتي تروي لنا حكاية كل ليلة.kânat jaddatî tarwî lanâ hikâyatan kulla laylatin
I told my brother an old legend.	رويت لأخي أسطورة قديمة.rawaytu li-akhî usṭûratan qadîmatan.
The storytellers tell tales in the café.	الرواة يروون حكايات في المقهى.ar-ruwâtu yarwûna hikâyâtin fî al-maqhâ
The storyteller didn't tell the whole tale.	لم يرو الراوي الحكاية كلها.lam yarwi r-rawi l-hikayata kullaha
Tell us a tale, Grandpa!	ارو لنا حكاية يا جدي!irwi lanaa hikaayatan yaa jaddii!
My mother was ironing the clothes and telling us a tale.	كانت أمي تكوي الملابس وتروي لنا حكاية.kânat ommî takwî al-malâbisa wa tarwî lanâ hikâyatan
wise	حكيمhakîm
The storyteller told a tale about a wise merchant.	روى الراوي حكاية عن تاجر حكيم.rawâ r-râwî hikâyatan an tâjirin hakîm
The storyteller was a wise man.	كان الراوي رجلا حكيما.kâna r-râwî rajulan hakîman.
to intend (to do something)	نوىnawâ
The merchant intended to travel to Baghdad.	نوى التاجر أن يسافر إلى بغداد.nawâ at-tâjiru an yusâfira ilâ baghdâd
What do you intend to do?	ماذا تنوي أن تفعل؟mâdhâ tanwî an taf'ala?
We intend to stay up until the morning.	ننوي أن نسهر حتى الصباح.nanwi an nas-hara hattâ as-sabâh
They intended to come back before the evening gathering.	نووا أن يرجعوا قبل السهرة.nawaw an yarji'u qabla as-sahra.
to grill, roast	شوىshawâ
We grilled the meat over the fire.	شوينا اللحم على النار.shawaynâ l-lahma 'alan-nâr
My father grills the chicken at the evening gathering.	يشوي أبي الدجاج في السهرة.yashwi abi ad-dajâja fi as-sahrah.
to keep (a promise, one's word)	وفى بwafâ bi
The king kept his word.	وفى الملك بكلمته.wafâ al-maliku bikalimatihi
The wise man always keeps his word.	يفي الحكيم بكلمته دائما.yafi al-hakimu bikalimatihi dâ'iman.
The merchant didn't keep his word.	لم يف التاجر بكلمته.lam yafi at-tâjiru bikalimatihi.
beginning	بدايةbidâya
At the beginning of the tale, the king was poor.	في بداية الحكاية، كان الملك فقيرا.fee bidâyati l-hikâyati, kâna l-maliku faqeeran.
I love the beginning of this legend.	أحب بداية هذه الأسطورة.uhibbu bidâyata hâdhihi l-ustûrati.

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