Bare keluar presents a person or thing moving from inside to outside: keluar dari rumah. Mengeluarkan adds a causer who brings, removes, emits, spends, publishes, or officially issues something. The physical caused-motion pattern has conventionalized across several institutional domains, so one family links a key leaving a pocket, money leaving a budget, and a regulation entering public circulation.
Passive dikeluarkan, product noun keluaran, and process noun pengeluaran preserve different pieces of that network. The rare mengeluari is not the normal location-promoting counterpart of memasuki. Compare the productive entry alternations in the masuk family; general -kan, di-, -an, and peN-...-an formation remains on the Word Formation pages.
No person or tense paradigm
Keluar is a complete invariant predicate, not an infinitive. Separate subjects, time phrases, and aspect markers provide person and temporal interpretation.
| Frame | Indonesian | Interpretive cue |
|---|---|---|
| first person | Saya keluar dari rumah. | saya; no agreement ending |
| third person | Dia keluar dari rumah. | dia; same root |
| plural | Mereka keluar dari rumah. | mereka; same root |
| completed | Saya sudah keluar. | separate sudah |
| ongoing transition | Dia sedang keluar. | separate sedang |
| future | Kami akan keluar. | separate akan |
Saya keluar dari rumah sebelum matahari terbit.
I left the house before sunrise.
Anak-anak sudah keluar ketika bel berbunyi.
The children had already gone out when the bell rang.
Kami akan keluar melalui pintu selatan setelah pertunjukan.
We will exit through the south door after the performance.
English leave, leaves, and left do not trigger Indonesian endings. The important contrast is between the self-moving subject of keluar and the separate object caused out by mengeluarkan.
Keluar: the mover or result emerges
Physical keluar is intransitive. Its subject moves outward; the source normally follows dari, a route can follow melalui, and a destination may follow ke.
Para pegawai keluar dari gedung lewat tangga darurat.
The employees left the building by the emergency stairs.
Asap tipis keluar dari celah mesin.
Thin smoke is coming out of a gap in the machine.
Setelah makan siang, kami keluar ke taman belakang.
After lunch, we went out to the back garden.
Koin itu keluar dari mesin setelah tombol merah ditekan.
The coin came out of the machine after the red button was pressed.
Silakan keluar melalui lorong sebelah kiri.
Please exit through the corridor on the left.
Because the source is a prepositional complement, it is not a direct object. Ordinary keluar therefore has no di- passive corresponding to the house was left. Indonesian selects another verb when the abandoned place or person is the affected object.
Lexical extensions of keluar
The idea of becoming externally available extends to published works, results, sounds, words, and membership. A book or result can keluar when released or announced; a person can keluar dari an organization when leaving it.
Edisi terbaru majalah itu keluar awal bulan depan.
The latest issue of that magazine comes out early next month.
Hasil pemeriksaan baru keluar pada Jumat sore.
The examination result will only be released on Friday afternoon.
Tidak ada suara yang keluar dari pengeras suara kanan.
No sound is coming from the right-hand loudspeaker.
Kata-kata itu keluar begitu saja ketika ia sedang marah.
Those words just came out when he/she was angry.
Reno keluar dari klub setelah pindah ke kota lain.
Reno left the club after moving to another city.
These are conventional extensions, not new tense forms. With publications and results, keluar can be neutral in conversation; formal institutional prose may choose diterbitkan “published” or diumumkan “announced” for greater precision.
Mengeluarkan: cause something to move out
In its most transparent use, mengeluarkan takes the moved theme as its direct object and marks the source with dari. The actor causes that theme to leave a container, place, body, or group.
Nina mengeluarkan kunci dari saku jaketnya.
Nina takes the key out of her jacket pocket.
Petugas mengeluarkan semua kursi dari ruangan yang akan dicat.
The attendant removes all the chairs from the room that is going to be painted.
Dokter berhasil mengeluarkan serpihan kaca dari telapak tangan pasien.
The doctor managed to remove a glass fragment from the patient's palm.
Tolong keluarkan makanan beku dari lemari pendingin.
Please take the frozen food out of the freezer.
Mesin itu mengeluarkan uap panas dari bagian belakang.
That machine emits hot steam from the back.
The imperative uses the bare derived stem keluarkan. The two participants must remain distinct: the actor is not necessarily the entity that moves out.
From caused motion to money, documents, and decisions
Mengeluarkan is conventional with money spent, sounds or substances emitted, publications released, and official documents or orders issued. These senses share outward release but must be learned with their normal objects.
Kami mengeluarkan cukup banyak uang untuk memperbaiki atap.
We spent quite a lot of money repairing the roof.
Pabrik itu mengeluarkan bau menyengat pada malam hari.
The factory emits a pungent odor at night.
Penerbit akan mengeluarkan edisi revisi pada akhir tahun.
The publisher will release a revised edition at the end of the year. (formal)
Dinas terkait mengeluarkan surat izin setelah berkas lengkap.
The relevant agency issues the permit after the documents are complete. (formal)
Ketua panitia mengeluarkan keputusan baru mengenai jadwal.
The committee chair issued a new decision regarding the schedule. (formal)
English uses take out, remove, emit, spend, release, and issue. Indonesian connects them through mengeluarkan, but not every English occurrence of those verbs belongs here. Collocations and participant roles matter more than the nearest dictionary translation.
Dikeluarkan: theme-centered motion and institutional action
Dikeluarkan is passive. The removed, spent, emitted, published, issued, or expelled entity becomes the subject. Its source may remain after dari, and the actor may follow directly or after oleh.
Peralatan lama dikeluarkan dari gudang oleh petugas inventaris.
The old equipment was removed from the warehouse by the inventory officer.
Surat keterangan itu dikeluarkan oleh kantor kecamatan.
That certificate was issued by the district office. (formal)
Buku panduan baru akan dikeluarkan dalam dua versi.
The new guidebook will be released in two versions. (formal)
Dana darurat hanya boleh dikeluarkan dengan persetujuan direktur.
Emergency funds may be disbursed only with the director's approval. (formal)
Pemain tersebut dikeluarkan dari pertandingan setelah menerima kartu merah.
That player was sent off from the match after receiving a red card.
Passive di- attaches: dikeluarkan. Locative di remains separate: dikeluarkan di Jakarta. Aspect markers likewise remain separate: sudah dikeluarkan, belum dikeluarkan, and akan dikeluarkan.
Keluaran and pengeluaran
Keluaran names an output, product, release, model, or result that comes from a system or producer. It profiles what is produced rather than the act of producing it.
Ponsel ini merupakan keluaran terbaru dari produsen lokal.
This phone is the latest release from a local manufacturer.
Keluaran mesin pencetak itu tampak terlalu pucat.
The output from that printer looks too pale.
Program tersebut menghasilkan keluaran dalam bentuk tabel.
The program produces output in table form. (technical)
Pengeluaran most often means expenditure, expenses, or the process of spending. In technical and administrative contexts it can also name removal, release, discharge, or production. The complement disambiguates it.
Pengeluaran rumah tangga naik selama musim liburan.
Household expenditure rises during the holiday season.
Biaya transportasi menjadi pengeluaran terbesar bulan ini.
Transportation costs are the largest expense this month.
Pengeluaran barang dari gudang harus dicatat dalam sistem.
The release of goods from the warehouse must be recorded in the system. (formal)
Katup itu mengatur pengeluaran air dari tangki utama.
That valve regulates the discharge of water from the main tank. (technical)
Keluaran is the output/product; pengeluaran is the event, process, or financial outflow. In accounting, pemasukan dan pengeluaran means income and expenditure.
Why mengeluari is not the partner of memasuki
Modern Standard Indonesian does not normally use mengeluari to mean “exit a location” parallel to memasuki lokasi. Dictionaries preserve mengeluari with the meaning “go out to meet or oppose someone,” and mark it (archaic). Learners should recognize it in older literature, not productively build it for ordinary motion.
Dalam hikayat lama, pasukan itu diceritakan mengeluari musuh di medan perang.
In an old tale, the troops are described as going out to confront the enemy on the battlefield. (archaic form discussed in modern prose)
For current language, use keluar dari gedung, not mengeluari gedung. To cause something to leave, use mengeluarkan sesuatu dari gedung.
Common Mistakes
1. Treating the source as a direct object
❌ Para tamu keluar aula setelah pidato selesai.
Nonstandard for broad careful Indonesian — mark the source with dari.
✅ Para tamu keluar dari aula setelah pidato selesai.
The guests left the hall after the speech ended.
2. Omitting the caused theme
❌ Petugas mengeluarkan dari lemari sebelum pemeriksaan.
Incomplete — mengeluarkan requires the thing caused out.
✅ Petugas mengeluarkan map dari lemari sebelum pemeriksaan.
The officer removes the folder from the cabinet before the inspection.
3. Inventing a modern location-object use of mengeluari
❌ Kami mengeluari gedung melalui tangga belakang.
Incorrect meaning — mengeluari means go out to confront someone, not exit a location.
✅ Kami keluar dari gedung melalui tangga belakang.
We left the building by the back stairs.
4. Confusing product with expenditure
❌ Biaya sewa adalah keluaran terbesar keluarga kami.
Wrong accounting noun — keluaran means output or product.
✅ Biaya sewa adalah pengeluaran terbesar keluarga kami.
Rent is our family's largest expense.
5. Splitting passive di-
❌ Surat resmi itu belum di keluarkan oleh dinas.
Incorrect spelling — passive di- attaches to keluarkan.
✅ Surat resmi itu belum dikeluarkan oleh dinas.
The official letter has not yet been issued by the agency. (formal)
Key Takeaways
- Keluar dari + source presents the subject itself moving or emerging; it is not an infinitive and has no ordinary passive.
- Mengeluarkan/dikeluarkan select a separate theme caused outward, with extensions into spending, issuing, emitting, and publishing.
- Keluaran profiles an output, product, or release; pengeluaran profiles expenditure or another outward process.
- Mengeluari is archaic and adversarial, not the modern transitive equivalent of keluar dari.
- Actual derivatives are solid, aspect words remain separate, and passive di- must not be confused with locative di.
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- dari: Source, Origin, Material, and ComparisonA1 — Use dari to express where something begins, comes from, is made from, or serves as a point of comparison.
- -kan Valency Patterns: Subjects, Objects, and Argument OrderB2 — Identify actors, caused themes, affected objects, beneficiaries, and secondary themes in -kan clauses across active, passive, and object voice.
- di- Passive: Subjects, Objects, and Argument OrderA2 — Track patient subjects, demoted agents, remaining complements, pronouns, and word-order changes in Indonesian di- passive clauses.
- -an: Meanings and Derivational NetworkB2 — Understand how -an nouns package products, results, instruments, places, groups, and conventionalized activity readings.
- peN-...-an: Meanings and Derivational NetworkC1 — Understand how peN-...-an nominalizes events as processes, organized activities, results, and lexicalized institutions while preserving their participants conceptually.