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  1. Grammar
  2. /Greek Grammar
  3. /Cardinals
  4. /Which Cardinals Decline

Which Cardinals Decline

Greek cardinals divide into movable and fixed components. 1, 3, 4, the hundreds from 200, and the χίλιοι component for one thousand decline; most other cardinal forms are invariable. In a compound, each agreeing numeral component matches the noun it directly modifies, while every fixed component stays unchanged.

The rule map

Cardinal componentBehaviourExample
1gender and caseένας / μία / ένα; ενός / μιας / ενός
3 and 4gender and caseτρεις / τρία; τέσσερις / τέσσερα; τριών; τεσσάρων
compounds with a final 1, 3, or 4the final component agreesείκοσι μία, είκοσι τρεις / τρία
200–900gender and caseδιακόσιοι / διακόσιες / διακόσια; διακοσίων
the 1,000 component in 1,000–1,999gender and caseχίλιοι / χίλιες / χίλια; χιλίων
2, 5–12, 15–20, whole tens, 100invariableδύο, πέντε, έντεκα, είκοσι, εκατό
χιλιάδα “thousand”ordinary feminine nounτρεις χιλιάδες; τριών χιλιάδων

The apparent “last digit” shortcut needs one qualification: έντεκα “eleven” is a single invariable word, not a compound ending in ένα. By contrast, είκοσι ένα and εκατόν ένα contain a separate final component and that component agrees.

The -ν in εκατόν within 101–199 is not a gender or case ending: εκατό / εκατόν remains invariable. In εκατόν μία κούτες, agreement is carried by the separate feminine component μία.

Agreement survives inside compounds

Fixed tens do not block agreement on a following unit. Compare feminine γυναίκες with neuter παιδιά:

Στην εκδήλωση ήρθαν είκοσι τρεις γυναίκες και είκοσι τρία παιδιά.

stin ekdhílosi írthan íkosi tris yinékes ke íkosi tría pedhiá

Twenty-three women and twenty-three children came to the event.

Η αποθήκη παρέλαβε εκατόν μία κούτες το πρωί.

i apothíki parélave ekatón mía kútes to proí

The warehouse received one hundred and one boxes this morning.

The same principle applies to 13 and 14 because their final elements are the agreeing forms of 3 and 4: δεκατρείς άντρες, δεκατρία παιδιά, δεκατέσσερις μέρες, δεκατέσσερα βράδια. For the complete low-number paradigms, see declining one, three, and four.

💡
Read a large numeral component by component. Mark the movable pieces—hundreds, the χίλιοι component, and a final 1/3/4—and make each one agree. Leave the tens and other fixed pieces alone.

Hundreds from 200 and χίλιοι

The hundreds from 200 through 900 behave like plural adjectives. Masculine nominative ends in -οι, feminine in -ες, and neuter in -α; masculine accusative ends in -ους, while the genitive for all genders ends in -ων.

NumberMasculineFeminineNeuterGenitive
200διακόσιοιδιακόσιεςδιακόσιαδιακοσίων
300τριακόσιοιτριακόσιεςτριακόσιατριακοσίων
1,000χίλιοιχίλιεςχίλιαχιλίων

The remaining hundreds take the same endings: τετρακόσιοι, πεντακόσιοι, εξακόσιοι, επτακόσιοι, οκτακόσιοι, εννιακόσιοι. The stems must be learned, but the agreement pattern is regular.

Το στάδιο χωράει διακόσιους θεατές.

to stádhio chorái dhiakósius theatés

The stadium holds two hundred spectators.

Η αναφορά έχει διακόσιες είκοσι τρεις σελίδες.

i anaforá échi dhiakósies íkosi tris selídhes

The report is two hundred and twenty-three pages long.

Του επέβαλαν πρόστιμο τριακοσίων ευρώ.

tu epévalan próstimo triakosíon evró

They imposed a fine of three hundred euros on him.

Η έρευνα κατέγραψε τις απόψεις χιλίων ανθρώπων.

i érevna katéghrapse tis apópsis chilíon anthrópon

The survey recorded the views of a thousand people.

The genitives τριακοσίων and χιλίων agree with the genitive noun phrase. English leaves “three hundred” and “one thousand” untouched, so these endings are easy to overlook.

χιλιάδα is a noun

When a total contains one thousand (1,000–1,999), χίλιοι / χίλιες / χίλια directly modifies the counted noun: χίλιοι εκατό άντρες but χίλιες εκατό γυναίκες. From 2,000 upward, Greek normally counts the feminine noun η χιλιάδα, plural οι χιλιάδες. The numeral immediately before it therefore agrees with χιλιάδες, not with the final noun.

Περίπου τρεις χιλιάδες άτομα περίμεναν στην πλατεία.

perípu tris chiliádhes átoma perímenan stin platía

About three thousand people were waiting in the square.

Το κόστος των τριών χιλιάδων ευρώ καλύφθηκε από τον δήμο.

to kóstos ton trión chiliádhon evró kalífthike apó ton dhímo

The cost of three thousand euros was covered by the council.

Because χιλιάδα is a normal noun, it declines normally: χιλιάδα, χιλιάδας, χιλιάδες, χιλιάδων. Calling it an “invariable numeral” would hide why both words change in τριών χιλιάδων.

Invariable does not mean caseless

An invariable numeral does not stop its noun phrase from having case. The article, adjective, and noun still decline normally.

Οι φάκελοι των πέντε πελατών είναι έτοιμοι.

i fákeli ton pénde pelatón íne étimi

The files of the five clients are ready.

Here πέντε remains fixed, but των and πελατών show genitive plural. Look at the whole phrase, not only at the numeral.

💡
An invariable numeral is not a nominative numeral. It simply has no visible case endings. Read the case from the article, noun, and any agreeing adjectives around it.

More than one component may move

A long numeral does not have one privileged “agreement ending.” If both a hundred and the final unit are declinable, both agree with the same noun. In τριακόσιες είκοσι τέσσερις αιτήσεις, feminine αιτήσεις controls τριακόσιες and τέσσερις, while είκοσι stays fixed.

Λάβαμε τριακόσιες είκοσι τέσσερις αιτήσεις σε μία εβδομάδα.

lávame triakósies íkosi téseris etísis se mía evdhomádha

We received three hundred and twenty-four applications in one week.

Case can move those same pieces together. A genitive phrase gives τριακοσίων είκοσι τεσσάρων αιτήσεων. This form is heavier and belongs especially to (formal) administrative or statistical writing, but the mechanism is ordinary agreement rather than a separate formal paradigm.

Ο έλεγχος τριακοσίων είκοσι τεσσάρων αιτήσεων ολοκληρώθηκε χθες.

o élenchos triakosíon íkosi tesáron etíseon olokliróthike chthes

The review of three hundred and twenty-four applications was completed yesterday. (formal)

Common Mistakes

❌ Το σεμινάριο έχει είκοσι τρεις άτομα.

Incorrect—the final 3 must agree with neuter άτομα: τρία.

✅ Το σεμινάριο έχει είκοσι τρία άτομα.

to seminário échi íkosi tría átoma

The seminar has twenty-three participants.

❌ Ήρθαν διακόσια εθελοντές.

Incorrect—200 must agree with masculine εθελοντές: διακόσιοι.

✅ Ήρθαν διακόσιοι εθελοντές.

írthan dhiakósii ethelondés

Two hundred volunteers came.

❌ Το έργο κόστισε τρία χιλιάδες ευρώ.

Incorrect—χιλιάδες is feminine, so use τρεις.

✅ Το έργο κόστισε τρεις χιλιάδες ευρώ.

to érgho kóstise tris chiliádhes evró

The project cost three thousand euros.

❌ Οι δύοι υποψήφιοι πέρασαν στη δεύτερη φάση.

Incorrect—δύο is invariable; it has no masculine form δύοι.

✅ Οι δύο υποψήφιοι πέρασαν στη δεύτερη φάση.

i dhío ipopsífii pérasan sti dhéfteri fási

The two candidates advanced to the second round.

Key Takeaways

  • Decline 1, 3, 4, compounds with a separate final 1/3/4, the hundreds from 200, and χίλιοι.
  • Keep 2, most other low cardinals, the whole tens, and εκατό invariable.
  • In a compound, every movable component agrees; fixed components remain fixed.
  • Χιλιάδα is a feminine noun: τρεις χιλιάδες, τριών χιλιάδων.
  • The counted noun always takes its normal case, even beside an invariable numeral.

Related Topics

  • Declining 1, 3, 4A1 — Master the gender and case forms of ένας, τρεις, and τέσσερις, the three low Greek cardinals that must agree with the noun they count.
  • Case With NumbersA2 — What a numeral does to the case of the phrase around it — why τρεις μέρες but τρία παιδιά, why πέντε never changes yet στα πέντε βιβλία still shows case, and why χιλιάδες counts like a feminine noun (τρεις χιλιάδες, never τρία).
  • Tens, Hundreds, ThousandsA1 — Build Greek cardinals with tens, hundreds, thousands, and millions while applying εκατόν and the gender agreement of hundreds and χίλιοι.
← PreviousDeclining 1, 3, 4Next →Ordinal Numbers