Case With Numbers

A numeral is just another word inside the noun phrase, so the concord rule from Case agreement applies to it as well — with one twist that makes Greek much easier than it first looks: most numerals cannot change shape at all. Only a small set of them declines. The rest sit inertly in the middle of the phrase while the article and the noun do the case work around them. This page is about that division of labour: which numbers have to agree, which are frozen, and where the case is showing when the number itself refuses to show it.

The three low numbers that agree

Ένας, τρεις and τέσσερις are the numbers you have to think about, because they take gender and case like adjectives.

MasculineFeminineNeuter
1 nom.έναςμία / μιαένα
1 gen.ενόςμίας / μιαςενός
1 acc.ένανμία / μιαένα
3 nom./acc.τρειςτρειςτρία
3 gen.τριών (one form for all three genders)
4 nom./acc.τέσσεριςτέσσεριςτέσσερα
4 gen.τεσσάρων (one form for all three genders)

For 3 and 4 the split is simple: masculine and feminine share one form, the neuter has its own. So it is τρεις μέρες (feminine) and τρεις άντρες (masculine) but τρία παιδιά (neuter) — and the choice depends entirely on the gender of the noun you are counting.

Έχω τρία αδέρφια — δύο αδερφές και έναν αδερφό.

écho tría adhérfia — dhío adherfés ke énan adherfó

I have three siblings — two sisters and a brother.

Μείναμε τρεις μέρες στη Θεσσαλονίκη και έβρεχε συνέχεια.

míname tris méres sti Thesaloníki ke évreche sinéchia

We stayed three days in Thessaloniki and it rained the whole time.

Το μωρό είναι τεσσάρων μηνών και δεν κοιμάται καθόλου.

to moró íne tesáron minón ke dhen kimáte kathólu

The baby is four months old and doesn't sleep at all.

Notice τεσσάρων μηνών: age in Greek is a genitive of time, so both the numeral and the noun go genitive together. This is one of the very few places a beginner meets τριών and τεσσάρων in everyday speech, and it comes up constantly — πέντε χρονών, δύο μηνών, τριών εβδομάδων.

Χρειάζομαι την υπογραφή και των τεσσάρων ιδιοκτητών.

chriázome tin ipoghrafí ke ton tesáron idhioktitón

I need the signature of all four owners.

💡
The masculine accusative is έναν, with the -ν, for the same reason the article is τον: strip the -ν and you are left with ένα, which is the neuter. In relaxed speech you will constantly hear ένα καφέ (informal) where writing has έναν καφέ, so do not be surprised by it — but write the -ν.

The frozen numbers — and where the case goes instead

Δύο and everything from 5 to 100 never change: δύο, πέντε, δέκα, δεκαπέντε, είκοσι, πενήντα, εκατό. They have no gender and no case forms. That does not mean the phrase has no case — it means the case is showing on the article and the noun, exactly as it always does.

CasePhraseEnglish
Nominativeτα πέντε βιβλίαthe five books
Genitiveτων πέντε βιβλίωνof the five books
Accusativeστα πέντε βιβλία (σε + τα)on the five books

Τα πέντε βιβλία που μου δάνεισες είναι ακόμα στο αυτοκίνητο.

ta pénde vivlía pu mu dhánises íne akóma sto aftokínito

The five books you lent me are still in the car.

Είναι μια ταινία δύο ωρών — πάρε καφέ πριν μπούμε.

íne mia tenía dhío orón — páre kafé prin búme

It's a two-hour film — get a coffee before we go in.

In that second example the genitive is unmistakable on ωρών and completely invisible on δύο. This is the normal state of affairs, and it is why the number is the wrong place to look when you are working out the case of a Greek phrase.

Το διαμέρισμα είναι ογδόντα τετραγωνικά και έχει δύο μπαλκόνια.

to dhiamérizma íne oghdhónda tetraghoniká ke échi dhío balkónia

The flat is eighty square metres and has two balconies.

The hundreds and thousands agree after all

Here is the fact that surprises people who have been told "only 1, 3 and 4 decline". From 200 upwards the hundreds have full gender forms, and so does χίλιοι:

NumberMasculineFeminineNeuterGenitive
200διακόσιοιδιακόσιεςδιακόσιαδιακοσίων
300τριακόσιοιτριακόσιεςτριακόσιατριακοσίων
1000χίλιοιχίλιεςχίλιαχιλίων

Εκατό (100) is the odd one out: it is invariable on its own, and it becomes εκατόν only when another numeral follows it (εκατόν είκοσι). The full inventory of which cardinals move and which do not is on Which cardinals decline; what matters here is that these forms behave like ordinary adjectives inside the phrase.

Πλήρωσα διακόσια ευρώ για τα λάστιχα και μου φάνηκαν πολλά.

plírosa dhiakósia evró ya ta lásticha ke mu fánikan polá

I paid two hundred euros for the tyres and it felt like a lot.

Ο λογαριασμός βγήκε χίλια πεντακόσια ευρώ και τα μοιραστήκαμε.

o loghariazmós vyíke chília pendakósia evró ke ta mirastíkame

The bill came to fifteen hundred euros and we split it.

Both sentences say χίλια and διακόσια because the noun being counted is το ευρώ — an indeclinable neuter. Count something feminine and the same numbers change shape: διακόσιες σελίδες, χίλιες φορές. The number is agreeing with the noun, not with the amount.

Στο βιβλίο υπάρχουν πάνω από διακόσιες σελίδες σημειώσεις.

sto vivlío ipárchun páno apó dhiakósies selídhes simiósis

There are over two hundred pages of notes in the book.

Πήρε δάνειο τριακοσίων χιλιάδων ευρώ για το μαγαζί.

píre dhánio triakosíon chiliádhon evró ya to maghazí

He took out a three-hundred-thousand-euro loan for the shop. (journalistic)

χιλιάδες is a noun, so it counts like one

Η χιλιάδα ("a thousand") is not a numeral at all — it is a feminine noun. That single fact settles a question learners get wrong constantly: the number in front of it must be feminine, because it is counting χιλιάδες, not the thing at the end of the phrase.

GreekWhy
τρεις χιλιάδες άτομαcounting χιλιάδες, a feminine noun — never ×τρία
τέσσερις χιλιάδες ευρώsame: the feminine form, though ευρώ is neuter
χίλια ευρώhere χίλια is the numeral, agreeing with neuter ευρώ

Στη συναυλία ήρθαν περίπου τρεις χιλιάδες άτομα.

sti sinavlía írthan perípu tris chiliádhes átoma

About three thousand people came to the concert.

The same logic covers το εκατομμύριο, which is a neuter noun: δύο εκατομμύρια, τρία εκατομμύρια, and in the genitive εκατομμυρίων. Nouns count like nouns.

Compounds: only the movable part moves

In a compound numeral, the tens and hundreds are usually frozen and the last element does the agreeing. So you change only what can be changed.

GreekWhich part agrees
είκοσι τρία παιδιάneuter, from παιδιά
είκοσι τρεις γυναίκεςfeminine, from γυναίκες
τριάντα μία μέρεςfeminine, from μέρες
εκατόν τέσσερα άτομαneuter, from άτομα

Ο Μάρτιος έχει τριάντα μία μέρες, δεν το θυμάσαι;

o Mártios échi triánda mía méres, dhen to thimáse;

March has thirty-one days — don't you remember?

Στην τάξη είναι είκοσι τρία παιδιά και μία δασκάλα.

stin táksi íne íkosi tría pedhiá ke mía dhaskála

There are twenty-three children and one teacher in the class.

Clock time is feminine, because ώρα is

Telling the time is the highest-frequency place these agreements show up, and it catches people out because the noun η ώρα is not spoken. It is still there grammatically, so the numeral is feminine and the article is the feminine accusative after σε.

Στις τρεις το απόγευμα έχω ραντεβού στον οδοντίατρο.

stis tris to apóyevma écho randevú ston odhondíatro

I've got a dentist's appointment at three in the afternoon.

Θα φύγουμε στη μία, όχι στις δύο.

tha fíghume sti mía, óchi stis dhío

We're leaving at one, not at two.

Στη μία is singular (one o'clock is a single hour), στις τρεις / στις τέσσερις are plural — and the "four o'clock" form is στις τέσσερις, the feminine, never στις τέσσερα. The halves work the same way: μιάμιση ώρα (feminine), ενάμισι κιλό (neuter), ενάμισης μήνας (masculine).

Περίμενα μιάμιση ώρα στην ουρά για ένα χαρτί.

perímena miámisi óra stin urá ya éna chartí

I waited an hour and a half in the queue for one document.

Common Mistakes

1. Using the masculine/feminine τρεις with a neuter noun. The most frequent numeral error English speakers make, because English has one word for three.

❌ Έχουμε τρεις παιδιά και δύο γάτες.

Incorrect — παιδιά is neuter: τρία παιδιά.

✅ Έχουμε τρία παιδιά και δύο γάτες.

échume tría pedhiá ke dhío ghátes

We have three children and two cats.

2. Using the neuter τέσσερα with a feminine noun.

❌ Έλειψα τέσσερα μέρες από τη δουλειά.

Incorrect — μέρες is feminine: τέσσερις μέρες.

✅ Έλειψα τέσσερις μέρες από τη δουλειά.

élipsa téseris méres apó ti dhuliá

I was off work for four days.

3. Making the number agree with the counted thing instead of with χιλιάδες.

❌ Ήρθαν τρία χιλιάδες άτομα στην πορεία.

Incorrect — χιλιάδες is a feminine noun: τρεις χιλιάδες άτομα.

✅ Ήρθαν τρεις χιλιάδες άτομα στην πορεία.

írthan tris chiliádhes átoma stin poría

Three thousand people came to the march.

4. Leaving 3 and 4 in their nominative form inside a genitive phrase. They have a genitive, and it is irregular.

❌ Άκουσα τη γνώμη των τρεις παιδιών μου.

Incorrect — the genitive of τρία is τριών: των τριών παιδιών.

✅ Άκουσα τη γνώμη των τριών παιδιών μου πριν αποφασίσω.

ákusa ti ghnómi ton trión pedhión mu prin apofasíso

I heard all three of my children out before deciding.

5. Giving χίλια / διακόσια the wrong gender. They agree with the noun being counted, and ευρώ is neuter.

❌ Μου χρωστάει χίλιες ευρώ από τον Δεκέμβριο.

Incorrect — ευρώ is neuter: χίλια ευρώ.

✅ Μου χρωστάει χίλια ευρώ από τον Δεκέμβριο.

mu chrostái chília evró apó ton Dhekémvrio

He's owed me a thousand euros since December.

Key Takeaways

  • Ένας/μία/ένα, τρεις/τρία, τέσσερις/τέσσερα agree in gender; their genitives are ενός/μιας/ενός, τριών, τεσσάρων (one genitive form each for 3 and 4).
  • Δύο and 5–100 are frozen. The case is still there — read it off the article and the noun: τα πέντε βιβλία, των πέντε βιβλίων, στα πέντε βιβλία.
  • The hundreds from 200 up and χίλιοι/χίλιες/χίλια do decline for gender and case: διακόσιες σελίδες, χίλια ευρώ, τριακοσίων χιλιάδων.
  • Χιλιάδα is a noun, so it takes a feminine numeral: τρεις χιλιάδες, never ×τρία χιλιάδες. Same logic for neuter εκατομμύριο: δύο εκατομμύρια.
  • In compounds, only the last, declinable element agrees: είκοσι τρία παιδιά, τριάντα μία μέρες.
  • Clock time is feminine (the unspoken ώρα): στη μία, στις τρεις, στις τέσσερις.
  • Age is a genitive of time: τεσσάρων μηνών, πέντε χρονών.

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Related Topics

  • Case Agreement Within the Noun PhraseA2Why Greek inflects three or four words where English inflects none — ο καλός άνθρωπος → του καλού ανθρώπου → τον καλό άνθρωπο — how to decline a whole phrase as one unit, why the endings need not look alike, and what this concord buys you in word-order freedom.