Lopen ("to walk," and in many contexts simply "to go / to run") is a strong verb of the o–ie–o type: loop → liep → gelopen. Its forms are not the hard part — the past liep/liepen is regular within its class and the participle gelopen is predictable. The genuinely tricky thing about lopen is its perfect auxiliary, which is not fixed. When lopen describes the activity of walking, the perfect uses hebben (ik heb gelopen — "I walked / I've been walking"). When it describes movement to a destination, the perfect uses zijn (ik ben naar huis gelopen — "I walked home"). The same verb, two auxiliaries, decided by meaning. This page lays out the paradigm and, crucially, the rule for choosing between them.
Principal parts
| Infinitive | Past (sg.) | Past (pl.) | Past participle | Perfect auxiliary |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| lopen | liep | liepen | gelopen | hebben / zijn (see below) |
Classification: strong (class 7, o–ie–o). The vowel runs oo → ie → o: present loop, past liep/liepen, participle gelopen. A weak verb would give loopte / geloopt; those forms do not exist.
Present tense
The stem is loop- (infinitive lopen doubles its vowel to oo in the stem).
| Person | Form | English |
|---|---|---|
| ik | loop | I walk |
| jij / je | loopt | you walk |
| u | loopt | you walk (formal) |
| hij / zij / het | loopt | he / she / it walks |
| wij / we | lopen | we walk |
| jullie | lopen | you (pl.) walk |
| zij / ze | lopen | they walk |
When je / jij follows the verb, the -t drops: loop je?, never loopt je. The vowel is written oo in loop/loopt (closed syllable) but a single o in lopen (open syllable lo·pen, already long).
Simple past: liep / liepen
Here the o gives way to ie. Unlike gaf/gaven or nam/namen, there is no vowel split between singular and plural — both have ie. The only difference is the plural -en.
| Person | Past form |
|---|---|
| ik / jij / u / hij / zij / het | liep |
| wij / jullie / zij (pl.) | liepen |
Ik liep gisteren toevallig je broer tegen het lijf.
I happened to run into your brother yesterday. Singular past 'liep'.
The perfect: hebben for the activity, zijn for the destination
This is the part to get right. The participle is always gelopen; what changes is the auxiliary.
Use HEBBEN when lopen names the activity itself — how you spent time, how far you went, the fact that walking happened, with no endpoint in view:
Ik heb vanmorgen een uur in het park gelopen.
I walked in the park for an hour this morning. Activity, no destination → hebben.
Use ZIJN when lopen expresses movement to a place — there is a goal, a direction, an endpoint reached:
Ik ben gewoon naar huis gelopen, de bus reed niet.
I just walked home, the bus wasn't running. Destination 'naar huis' → zijn.
The underlying logic is the general Dutch rule for motion verbs: a verb of motion takes zijn in the perfect when it describes a change of location (you end up somewhere new), and hebben when it describes the manner or activity of moving without specifying that change. Naar huis lopen gets you home — change of location, zijn. Een uur lopen just fills an hour — activity, hebben. A handy test: if you can add a naar-phrase (naar het station, de stad in, het bos in), you're almost certainly in zijn territory.
| Meaning | Auxiliary | Example |
|---|---|---|
| activity / manner (no goal) | hebben | Ik heb veel gelopen vandaag. |
| movement to a destination | zijn | Ik ben naar de markt gelopen. |
Full perfect paradigm (destination sense, with zijn)
| Person | Perfect (zijn) | English |
|---|---|---|
| ik | ben gelopen | I have walked (somewhere) |
| jij / u | bent gelopen | you have walked |
| hij / zij / het | is gelopen | he/she/it has walked |
| wij / jullie / zij | zijn gelopen | we/you/they have walked |
For the activity sense, swap in heb / hebt / heeft / hebben — same participle.
Imperative
The imperative is the bare stem loop.
| Form | Use | English |
|---|---|---|
| Loop! | singular / general | Walk! / Go! |
| Loop maar vast door. | everyday phrase | Go on ahead. |
| Loopt u maar mee. | formal (with 'u') | Do come along (this way). (formal) |
Three model sentences
Loop je mee naar het station? Het is maar tien minuten.
Will you walk to the station with me? It's only ten minutes. Present, inverted 'loop je'.
We zijn na het eten nog even naar het strand gelopen.
After dinner we walked down to the beach for a bit. Destination → zijn + 'gelopen'.
De kinderen hebben de hele middag in de tuin gelopen.
The children ran around in the garden all afternoon. Activity → hebben + 'gelopen'.
Common Mistakes
❌ Ik loopte naar school.
Incorrect — lopen is strong, so the past is 'liep', not a regularised 'loopte'.
✅ Ik liep naar school.
I walked to school.
❌ Ik heb naar huis gelopen.
Incorrect — with a destination 'naar huis', lopen takes zijn: 'Ik ben naar huis gelopen.'
✅ Ik ben naar huis gelopen.
I walked home.
❌ Ik ben een uur gelopen om af te vallen.
Incorrect — as a pure activity with no destination, lopen takes hebben: 'Ik heb een uur gelopen.'
✅ Ik heb een uur gelopen om af te vallen.
I walked for an hour to lose weight.
❌ We hebben naar het centrum geloopt.
Incorrect on both counts — the participle is 'gelopen', and a destination takes zijn: 'We zijn naar het centrum gelopen.'
✅ We zijn naar het centrum gelopen.
We walked to the centre.
❌ Loopt je vaak hard?
Incorrect — when 'je' follows the verb, the -t drops: 'Loop je vaak hard?'
✅ Loop je vaak hard?
Do you go running often?
Key Takeaways
- Strong verb: loop → liep / liepen → gelopen; never loopte or geloopt.
- No vowel split in the past: both liep and liepen have ie.
- Two auxiliaries by meaning: hebben for the activity (ik heb gelopen), zijn for a destination (ik ben naar huis gelopen).
- The test: if you can add a naar-phrase / endpoint, use zijn; if it's just "how much / how long I walked," use hebben.
- The participle is gelopen either way — only the helping verb changes.
Now practice Dutch
Reading grammar gets you part of the way. The exercises are where it sticks — free, no signup needed.
Start learning Dutch→Related Topics
- Verb Reference: How to Use These TablesA2 — A guide to reading the verb-reference pages: what each conjugation table shows (present, simple past, perfect with its auxiliary, participle), how strong/weak/mixed verbs are labelled, why the auxiliary is flagged, and which verbs to master first.
- Strong Verbs: Vowel Change in the PastB1 — How Dutch strong verbs form the simple past by changing the stem vowel, and how their past participle ends in -en — including the singular/plural vowel split that most resources leave out.
- Hebben or Zijn in the PerfectB1 — Most Dutch verbs build the perfect with hebben, but verbs of change of state or location — and motion verbs once a destination is named — switch to zijn, following a deep telicity logic English has no equivalent for.
- Lopen, Gaan, Rijden, Fietsen: Motion VerbsA2 — Dutch picks the verb of motion by HOW you travel: gaan for a generic 'go', lopen for going on foot (in the Netherlands), rijden for going by vehicle, fietsen for cycling, wandelen for a leisurely walk. This page sorts them out — and clears up the famous trap that lopen means 'walk', not 'run', in the Netherlands.
- The Strong Verb Across All Tenses: Full ParadigmB1 — The complete model paradigm of a strong Dutch verb (lopen and schrijven) across every tense, including the future perfect and conditional perfect (zal hebben gelopen, zou hebben geschreven) — showing the ablaut vowel change in the past and participle, the singular/plural past split, and how the auxiliary choice ripples through every compound tense.