Hebben ("to have") is one of the two pillars of Dutch verb grammar. On its own it means to possess, and it powers a whole family of idioms about physical and emotional states (honger hebben, "to be hungry"). But its biggest job is structural: hebben is the default perfect auxiliary, the helping verb behind the perfect tense of the overwhelming majority of Dutch verbs. Because of that, its forms — heb, hebt, heeft, had, gehad — are not just one verb's paradigm but the scaffolding under thousands of sentences. Learn them cold. (For the everyday usage tour, see the companion page Hebben: To Have.)
Principal parts
| Infinitive | Simple past (sg.) | Past participle | Perfect auxiliary |
|---|---|---|---|
| hebben | had | gehad | hebben |
Classification: irregular. Hebben is historically a weak verb (its past had and participle gehad both use the dental -d- of weak verbs), but its stem is irregular: the present tense alternates between heb- and hee-, and the -t of the jij/hij forms attaches in irregular ways. Treat the whole paradigm as something to memorise.
Present tense
Four distinct forms across the six persons. Note especially the third-person singular heeft, which loses the b and lengthens the vowel.
| Person | Form | English |
|---|---|---|
| ik | heb | I have |
| jij / je | hebt | you have |
| u | hebt / heeft | you have (formal) |
| hij / zij / het | heeft | he / she / it has |
| wij / we | hebben | we have |
| jullie | hebben | you (pl.) have |
| zij / ze | hebben | they have |
The skeleton: heb for ik, hebt for jij, heeft for hij/zij/het, and hebben for all plurals. Formal u takes either hebt or heeft — both are correct and common (U hebt gelijk / U heeft gelijk).
When jij follows the verb (in a question or after a fronted word), hebt drops the -t: heb jij?, heb je? — exactly like other verbs, and exactly like ben jij. Compare je hebt → heb je?.
Heb je een momentje voor me?
Do you have a moment for me? Inverted 'je' — the form is 'heb', not 'hebt'.
Simple past: had and hadden
The past splits cleanly by number — singular had, plural hadden. This is the regular weak pattern (stem + -de → had, with the doubled consonant in the plural), and it is fully predictable.
| Person | Past form |
|---|---|
| ik / jij / u / hij / zij / het | had |
| wij / jullie / zij (pl.) | hadden |
The perfect: ik heb gehad
The perfect of hebben uses hebben itself as the auxiliary, plus the participle gehad. So "I have had" is ik heb gehad — hebben helping hebben, just as zijn helps zijn.
| Person | Perfect | English |
|---|---|---|
| ik | heb gehad | I have had |
| jij / u | hebt gehad | you have had |
| hij / zij / het | heeft gehad | he/she/it has had |
| wij / jullie / zij | hebben gehad | we/you/they have had |
Imperative
The imperative is the bare stem heb, used mainly in fixed encouragements rather than literal commands to possess something.
| Form | Use | English |
|---|---|---|
| Heb! | singular / general stem | Have! |
| Heb geduld. | everyday phrase | Be patient (lit. 'have patience'). |
| Heb medelijden. | elevated | Have mercy / take pity. |
The default perfect auxiliary — why these forms recur everywhere
The reason hebben matters out of all proportion to its meaning: nearly every Dutch verb forms its perfect with hebben, not zijn. Ik heb gewerkt, je hebt gegeten, hij heeft geslapen — in all of these, the visible "have" forms are exactly heb / hebt / heeft / hebben / had / hadden. So mastering this paradigm gives you the engine for thousands of perfect-tense sentences at once.
Ik heb de hele dag gewerkt.
I've worked all day. 'hebben' as the perfect auxiliary of werken — 'heb ... gewerkt'.
Three model sentences
These cover hebben's main jobs: literal possession, a state idiom, and the perfect of hebben itself.
Wij hebben een nieuwe auto.
We have a new car. Literal possession — plural 'hebben'.
Ik heb honger, zullen we wat eten?
I'm hungry, shall we eat something? State idiom: Dutch 'honger hebben' (have hunger) = English 'be hungry'.
Dat heb ik nog nooit gehad.
I've never had that before. The perfect of hebben itself — 'heb ... gehad'.
Common Mistakes
❌ Hij hebt een hond.
Incorrect — the third-person singular is 'heeft', not 'hebt'.
✅ Hij heeft een hond.
He has a dog.
❌ Jij heeft gelijk.
Incorrect — 'heeft' is the hij/zij/het form. With 'jij' use 'hebt'.
✅ Jij hebt gelijk.
You're right.
❌ Hebt jij een pen?
Incorrect — when 'jij' follows the verb, the -t drops: 'Heb jij een pen?'
✅ Heb jij een pen?
Do you have a pen?
❌ Ik ben honger.
Incorrect — hunger is a state built with hebben in Dutch, not zijn: 'Ik heb honger.'
✅ Ik heb honger.
I'm hungry.
❌ Wij had geen tijd.
Incorrect — the plural past is 'hadden', not 'had'.
✅ Wij hadden geen tijd.
We didn't have time.
Key Takeaways
- Present: ik heb, jij hebt, hij/zij/het heeft, wij/jullie/zij hebben — note the vowel-changing heeft.
- Inversion: jij drops the -t (heb jij?). Final b in heb is pronounced [p] ("hep") by devoicing.
- Past: singular had, plural hadden, a regular weak split.
- Perfect: ik heb gehad — hebben helping itself.
- Hebben is the default perfect auxiliary, so heb/hebt/heeft/had recur under thousands of perfect-tense verbs; and many English be-states use Dutch hebben (ik heb honger).
Now practice Dutch
Reading grammar gets you part of the way. The exercises are where it sticks — free, no signup needed.
Start learning Dutch→Related Topics
- Hebben: To HaveA1 — The second pillar verb — irregular present (heb, hebt, heeft, hebben), the default perfect auxiliary (ik heb gegeten), and the source of a whole family of idioms where English uses 'be' (Ik heb honger).
- Zijn (to be) — Full ConjugationA1 — The complete paradigm of zijn (to be): present, simple past (was/waren), the perfect built with zijn itself (ik ben geweest), imperative, and participle — Dutch's most irregular and most essential verb.
- Verb Reference: How to Use These TablesA2 — A guide to reading the verb-reference pages: what each conjugation table shows (present, simple past, perfect with its auxiliary, participle), how strong/weak/mixed verbs are labelled, why the auxiliary is flagged, and which verbs to master first.
- Strong and Irregular Verbs: Master Reference TableB2 — A single scannable reference table of the most common Dutch strong, irregular, and mixed verbs — infinitive, simple past (singular and plural), past participle, auxiliary, and English — grouped by ablaut pattern so the regularities behind the irregulars become visible.
- The Perfect Tense (Voltooid Tegenwoordige Tijd)A2 — The perfect — present of hebben/zijn plus a past participle sent to the end of the clause — is the everyday way Dutch talks about the past in speech, used far more freely than the English present perfect.