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Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

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Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Persian, Dari

Persian, Western

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Chinese, Xiang

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Chinese, Hakka

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Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

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Chinese, Min Bei

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World History 2

<OpenstaxFigure id="fig-00001" src="https://openstax.org/apps/archive/20240226.174525/resources/66cde66104a4fe55710206bc92bcdd55fda81e76" alt="A cartoon drawing shows a large white egg labeled “China” lying on its side in the middle of a dirt road. The cartoon includes eight chickens, each with a man’s bearded face and wearing clothes. Underneath the egg, getting rolled over, is a chicken wearing a red and white king’s hat labeled “Russia” and a green coat with white trim. To the left pushing on the egg is a chicken in orange pants, a blue coat and a red hat labeled “France.” Atop the egg there are two chickens - the one on the left wears a white military coat and a helmet with a figure on it, labeled “Germany,” while the one on the right wears a gold and red king’s crown with a red coat with white and black trimmed fur. The belly is labeled “England.” To the bottom right of the egg is another chicken wearing a blue top hat labelled “Austria” and a red coat, sticking its tongue out at the Russian chicken. A chicken stands in the background on the right wearing red striped white pants and a black coat, a hat labelled with ‘Japan.” A chicken that is dressed in a long blue coat, yellow vest and white pants with red stripes and a hat labelled “U.S.” is perched on a fence in the rear right. A man’s head with a black helmet with “Italy” written on it is peeking out from behind the egg on the left. Grass and trees are in the background." mediaType="image/jpg" width="1219" height="800" />
<OpenstaxFigureText width="1219">
	Figure 9.1 Eager for wealth, the powerful industrialized nations of the world try to hatch the “troublesome egg” that was China in this 1901 political cartoon by the American artist J. S. Pughe. Britain and Germany settle atop it, Russia is in danger of being crushed beneath, and the United States looks on from afar. (credit: modification of work “A troublesome egg to hatch” by LOC Prints and Photographs Division/Library of Congress)
</OpenstaxFigureText>
<OpenstaxParagraph>
	In the second half of the nineteenth century, Britain, France, Belgium, Germany, the United States, and a few other countries embarked on the <OpenstaxTerm>Second Industrial Revolution</OpenstaxTerm> as they adopted new sources of energy and churned out ever-larger numbers of manufactured goods. In their quest for profit and power, the industrialized nations sought access to new markets and inexpensive sources of raw materials. Their desire for resources led them to seize territory in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific, ignoring the rights of the people there and costing the lives of millions. Even as large and established a nation as China was not inviolable, and the European nations carved spheres of influence from it just as they did in other regions of the world (<a href="#fig-00001">Figure 9.1</a>).
</OpenstaxParagraph>
<OpenstaxFigure id="fig-00002" src="https://openstax.org/apps/archive/20240226.174525/resources/bcf414bc8b0351763093c1d138cfc24f906a06e1" alt="A timeline is shown. 1811: Muhammad Ali defeats the Mamluks; a painting of a man dressed in long blue robes, a white belt across his middle with a white turban on his head is shown sitting in front of a window. 1840s: British begin using quinine. 1850s: Mass production of steel begins; a drawing shows rows of buildings and railroad tracks with tall smokestacks blowing smoke. 1850–1864: Taiping Rebellion. 1853–1856: Crimean War. 1857–1858: Sepoy Revolt. 1865: Gatling gun patented; a photograph is shown of men with guns on wheels lined up walking next to the guns. 1867: Meiji becomes Emperor of Japan; a picture is shown of an Asian man with a moustache and goatee in a royal military uniform sitting on a sofa with his hat on a table to the left and a sword in his right hand. 1869: Suez Canal completed. 1877: Thomas Edison patents phonograph; a picture is shown of a white dog with black ears looking into a gramophone projecting off of a record player. 1885: Carl Benz builds first Benz Motorwagen; a photograph is shown of a three wheeled car on a road with just a floor, seat, and crank to steer. 1898: Spanish-American War." mediaType="image/jpg" width="1301" height="692" />
<OpenstaxFigureText width="1301">
	Figure 9.2 (credit “1811”: modification of work “Modern Egypt, Muhammad Ali by Auguste Couder, lighter colors” by Unknown/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain; credit “1850s”: modification of work “Steelworks at Barrow-in-Furness, 1877” by Unknown/University of Strathclyde project/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain; credit “1865”: modification of work “Gatling in US-Army” by Yellowstone National Park Collection/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain; credit “1867”: modification of work “Conté portrait of the Emperor Meiji” by Eduardo Chiossone in Tenno Yondai No Shozo/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain; credit “1877”: modification of work “Photograph of the painting ‘Dog looking at and listening to a phonograph,’ by Francis Berraud in 1898” by Library of Congress/Library of Congress; credit “1885”: modification of work “1885 Benz” by Alonso de Mendoza/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain)
</OpenstaxFigureText>
<OpenstaxFigure id="fig-00003" src="https://openstax.org/apps/archive/20240226.174525/resources/ee15caa2ae3ea7860cba20748419033aeed32589" alt="A map of the world is shown. The country of China, located in the southeastern portion of Asia along the China Sea is highlighted yellow." mediaType="image/jpg" width="1101" height="750" />
<OpenstaxFigureText width="1101">
	Figure 9.3 (credit: modification of work “World map blank shorelines” by Maciej Jaros/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain)
</OpenstaxFigureText>

9 Expansion in the Industrial Age

1 Understanding the Past

1.1 Developing a Global Perspective

1.1.1 World History as Preparation for Life After College

1.1.2 World History and Global Citizenship

1.1.3 Features of This Textbook

1.2 Primary Sources

1.2.1 Learning to Evaluate Documents and Images

1.2.2 Documentary Sources: Competing Narratives

1.2.3 Textual Sources: The Importance of Language

1.2.4 Hidden in History

1.3 Causation and Interpretation in History

1.3.1 Levels of Causation

1.3.2 Interpretation in History

2 Exchange in East Asia and the Indian Ocean

2.1 India and International Connections

2.1.1 The Mughal Empire

2.1.2 The Sultanate of Gujarat

2.1.3 The Rise of the Maratha Empire

2.1.4 European Colonialism

2.2 The Malacca Sultanate

2.2.1 The Rise of the Malacca Sultanate

2.2.2 European Malacca

2.3 Exchange in East Asia

2.3.1 Japan

2.3.2 China’s Dynastic Exchanges

2.3.3 Korea and Its Neighbors

3 Early Modern Africa and the Wider World

3.1 The Roots of African Trade

3.1.1 Saharan Trade Routes

3.1.2 The Spread of Islam

3.1.3 The Mali Empire

3.2 The Songhai Empire

3.2.1 The Rise of Imperial Songhai

3.2.2 The Reign of Askia the Great

3.2.3 The Decline of Songhai

3.3 The Swahili Coast

3.3.1 The Rise of the Swahili City-States

3.3.2 Slavery on the Swahili Coast

3.3.3 The Contest for the Swahili Coast

3.4 The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade

3.4.1 The Role of Kanem-Bornu

3.4.2 The Arrival of Europeans

3.4.3 The Later Trans-Saharan Slave Trade

4 The Islamic World

4.1 A Connected Islamic World

4.1.1 Politics and Religion in the Ummah

4.1.2 Islamic Trade Networks

4.1.3 Technology in the Islamic World

4.2 The Ottoman Empire

4.2.1 Culture and Society

4.2.2 Expansion, Revolutions, and Reform

4.2.3 Science and Technology

4.3 The Safavid Empire

4.3.1 The Rise of the Safavid Empire

4.3.2 Establishing Shi‘ism as the State Religion

4.3.3 Safavid Government and Culture

5 Foundations of the Atlantic World

5.1 The Protestant Reformation

5.1.1 The Origins of the Protestant Reformation

5.1.2 Calvinists, Anabaptists, and Anglicans

5.1.3 The Catholic Reformation and the Wars of Religion

5.2 Crossing the Atlantic

5.2.1 The Rise of Maritime Nations

5.2.2 The Columbian Exchange

5.3 The Mercantilist Economy

5.3.1 The Rise of Mercantilism

5.3.2 Mercantilism and the Expansion of Empire

5.3.3 Mercantilism and Its Critics

5.4 The Atlantic Slave Trade

5.4.1 Slavery and the Triangular Trade

5.4.2 African and North American Slavery

5.4.3 The Economics of Slavery

6 Colonization and Economic Expansion

6.1 European Colonization in the Americas

6.1.1 Spain’s Encomienda System

6.1.2 English Settlements in North America

6.1.3 French and Dutch Settlements

6.2 The Rise of a Global Economy

6.2.1 The Seven Years’ War

6.2.2 British Influence in India

6.2.3 China’s Dominance in Trade

6.2.4 Colonial Resistance and Revolution

6.3 Capitalism and the First Industrial Revolution

6.3.1 From Mercantilism to Capitalism

6.3.2 Mechanization

6.3.3 Marxism

7 Revolutions in Europe and North America

7.1 The Enlightenment

7.1.1 The Authority of Reason

7.1.2 Natural Rights

7.1.3 Social Contract Theory

7.2 The Exchange of Ideas in the Public Sphere

7.2.1 Public Debate and Dissent

7.2.2 The Republic of Letters

7.2.3 Academies, Universities, and Intellectuals

7.3 Revolutions: America, France, and Haiti

7.3.1 The American Revolution

7.3.2 The French Revolution

7.3.3 The Haitian Revolution