| What were peninsulares? | White Europeans born in the Iberian Peninsula who lived in the Spanish American colonies White people born in America of mixed European and Indigenous descent White people of Spanish descent born in the Americas and living in the Yucatán Peninsula White European colonists who were born and lived in the Americas |
| What were creoles? | White European colonists who were born and lived in the Americas people born in the Americas of mixed European and native descent White Europeans born in the Iberian Peninsula who lived in the Spanish American colonies people born in the Americas of mixed European and African descent |
| During the Bourbon Era, why did the creole elite adopt Enlightenment ideas? | those ideas justified their desire for more social and political authority those ideas helped them to effectively govern their colonies those ideas drew them closer to their English neighbors in British America those ideas drew them closer to the Spanish nobility |
| To what did the term casta in Spanish America refer? | a social hierarchy encoded in law and based on what were thought to be inherited characteristics a nativist label for people of African descent, used during the wars of independence the lowest social layer, linked to a person’s economic status people of Indigenous descent who lived in the rural areas |
| Under the intendancy system, what did the Bourbon kings in Spain do? | tried to stimulate trade and economic development in the Spanish colonies abolished old taxes in Spanish America and welcomed the help of the Catholic Church dismantled their fortifications in port cities such as Veracruz, in New Spain decreased the number of peninsular bureaucrats in the colonial administration |
| What measure taken by radical French revolutionaries provoked insurrections in the Americas? | the ending of slavery in all French territory the establishment of national armies the granting of political equality to all people the declaration of universal male suffrage |
| What country was founded after a successful revolt by enslaved people? | Haitian Brazilian Mexican Argentine |
| What was one characteristic of the Hidalgo revolt in Mexico? | the large-scale participation of the Indigenous and mixed-race labor force the strong support of conservative creole leaders Hidalgo’s immediate proclamation of independence the support of the church hierarchy |
| What socioeconomic group was stronger at the end of Mexico’s struggles for independence? | wealthy landowners wealthy merchants the church hierarchy mine owners |
| What did Latin American liberals/patriots usually favor? | increased participation in government radical land reform protection of Indigenous communal landholdings special privileges for the church |
| The South American wars of independence _____. | did not rely on the support of the majority of the population received no significant foreign assistance were not led by military leaders were not a civil war between patriots and royalists |
| What was the most important action taken by the Congress of Cúcuta? | the writing of a liberal constitution for a new republican nation, Gran Colombia the imposition of new taxes the abolition of slavery the suppression of male convents |
| What did Simón Bolívar’s political program for Gran Colombia envision? | a republican system with suffrage restricted to the propertied elite a monarchy to be ruled by a European king a republican system based on universal suffrage an authoritarian form of government based on his own dictatorship |
| What was the most critical issue discussed at the Guayaquil Conference? | whether independent Spanish America should be monarchical or republican whether Guayaquil should belong to Peru or Gran Colombia whether Bolívar or San Martín should have the glory of completing the struggle for independence how to defeat the Spanish forces in Peru |
| What did the relocation of the Portuguese monarchy to Brazil do? | ended Brazil's colonial status and made it a kingdom on equal footing with Portugal resulted in Brazil’s independence from Spanish rule led to war between Portugal and Great Britain led to the abolition of slavery in Brazil |
| What was the event that precipitated the declaration of Brazil's independence? | refusal of Pedro I to obey the Portuguese Cortes’s order to return to Portugal in 1822 French invasion of Portugal in 1807 Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of Strangford of 1810 arrival of the Portuguese court in Rio de Janeiro in 1808 |
| How did Brazil differ from the former Spanish colonies after achieving its independence? | Brazil was governed by a monarch even after it became independent. Brazil abolished slavery soon after achieving independence. Brazil was reduced to colonial status only a few years after becoming independent. Brazil gave women the right to vote when it became independent. |
