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World History 2

<OpenstaxParagraph>
	Karl <OpenstaxTerm>Marx</OpenstaxTerm> was a highly controversial intellectual and revolutionary. Born in 1818 in Trier, in what is now Germany, he grew up as the son of a successful lawyer and was baptized into the Evangelical Church when he was six years old. As a young man, he studied law at the University of Berlin, where a professor introduced him to the philosophy of Georg <OpenstaxTerm>Hegel</OpenstaxTerm>. Marx quickly embraced Hegel’s idealistic universal history, which suggested the world is progressing through conflicts toward greater freedom. After completing his education, he worked as a journalist and writer.
</OpenstaxParagraph>
<OpenstaxParagraph>
	In 1848, Marx published <OpenstaxTerm><OpenstaxEm>The Communist Manifesto</OpenstaxEm></OpenstaxTerm> with his co-author Friedrich <OpenstaxTerm>Engels</OpenstaxTerm>. In the book, the two argued that “the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.” Their idea, that recognizing the class struggle between workers and the ruling class is central to understanding societies, is also known as <OpenstaxTerm>Marxism</OpenstaxTerm> (<a href="#fig-00003">Figure 6.20</a>). In addition to laying out their vision of history, Marx and Engels predicted that society would eventually replace current economic systems with <OpenstaxTerm>socialism</OpenstaxTerm>, a system in which the public, not private companies or individuals, owns the means of production. In their view, socialism was one phase of the transition from the private ownership characteristic of capitalism to the completely classless society of <OpenstaxTerm>communism</OpenstaxTerm>. They called for the forcible overthrow of current societies, a statement many communists around the world embraced as a declaration of war on <OpenstaxTerm>capitalism</OpenstaxTerm>. The ideals of communism were inspired by the abuses of capitalism that often exploited workers.
</OpenstaxParagraph>
<OpenstaxFigure id="fig-00003" src="https://openstax.org/apps/archive/20240226.174525/resources/c4b5af1ec4e798dd16627482925c1952c1420de8" alt="Part (a) is a photo of a man sitting in a chair on a dark background with a thin tree trunk on the right. He wears a white shirt, dark jacket and pants, has a long, coarse, white beard and long, coarse, white hair, and a large black moustache. His right hand is inside his jacket and his left hand rests on his lap. Part (b) is an image of a beige book cover is shown with black lettering with a black rectangle border of pointy triangles all around the perimeter. The word “Manifest” is written across the top." mediaType="image/jpg" width="1101" height="801" />
<OpenstaxFigureText width="1101">
	<strong>Figure 6.20</strong> (a) This 1875 photo of Marx is probably the most famous image made by the popular British photographer John Mayall. (b) Marx and Engel’s The Communist Manifesto was first published in 1848 with this cover. (credit a: modification of work “Portrait of Karl Marx” by International Institute of Social History/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain; credit b: modification of work “Kommunistisches Manifest” by www.marxists.org/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain)
</OpenstaxFigureText>
<OpenstaxNote>
	<OpenstaxNoteTitle> Link to Learning </OpenstaxNoteTitle> 
	<OpenstaxParagraph>
		Karl Marx published <OpenstaxEm>The Communist Manifesto</OpenstaxEm> with his co-author Friedrich Engels in 1848. Many writers from across the political and ideological spectrum inaccurately portray the ideas in <OpenstaxEm>The Communist Manifesto</OpenstaxEm> to support their own ideas or to paint their opponents in a negative light. Consider reading <a href="https://openstax.org/l/77CommManifesto"><OpenstaxEm>The Communist Manifesto</OpenstaxEm></a> for yourself and drawing your own conclusions about what the work says and what it might mean to you.
	</OpenstaxParagraph>
</OpenstaxNote>
<OpenstaxParagraph>
	Marx’s book <OpenstaxEm>Das Kapital</OpenstaxEm>, published in 1867, is one of history’s most often cited sources on economics and politics. In <OpenstaxEm>Das Kapital</OpenstaxEm>, Marx argued that the <OpenstaxTerm>bourgeoisie</OpenstaxTerm>, members of a social class that owned the means of production, were primarily motivated by the desire to exploit labor. In his view, employers paid wages to their workers, also known as the <OpenstaxTerm>proletariat</OpenstaxTerm>, that were far less than their labor was worth. They then kept the excess value produced by wage earners, in a process Marx argued was unfair to the workers. Employers used their profits to purchase additional resources and to buy political influence to ensure that the law would support the wealthy instead of the workers. The wealthy became unfit to rule as they increasingly leveraged their growing economic and political power until workers were left powerless and in poverty. Eventually the capitalist system would collapse, and the workers would reclaim control of society.
</OpenstaxParagraph>
<OpenstaxNote>
	<OpenstaxNoteTitle> The Past Meets the Present </OpenstaxNoteTitle> <OpenstaxH3> Marx on Capitalism and Communism </OpenstaxH3>
	<OpenstaxParagraph>
		Karl Marx died almost 150 years ago, but his ideas remain widely debated. In 1867, Marx published the first volume of <OpenstaxEm>Das Kapital</OpenstaxEm>, and it quickly reached a wide audience among those interested in history, economics, and politics. After his death in 1883, Fredrich Engels, his co-author on <OpenstaxEm>The Communist Manifesto</OpenstaxEm>, published the second and third volumes of <OpenstaxEm>Das Kapital</OpenstaxEm> based on Marx’s notes. In this quote from <OpenstaxEm>Das Kapital</OpenstaxEm>, Marx explained his view of the origins of capitalism.
	</OpenstaxParagraph>
	<OpenstaxBlockquote>
		<OpenstaxParagraph>
			The economic structure of capitalist society has grown out of the economic structure of feudal society. The dissolution of the latter set free the elements of the former . . . [T]he historical movement which changes the producers into wage-workers, appears, on the one hand, as their emancipation from serfdom and from the fetters of the guilds, and this side alone exists for our bourgeois historians. But, on the other hand, these new freedmen became sellers of themselves only after they had been robbed of all their own means of production, and of all the guarantees of existence afforded by the old feudal arrangements. And the history of this, their expropriation, is written in the annals of mankind in letters of blood and fire.
		</OpenstaxParagraph> 
		<OpenstaxParagraph>
			—Karl <OpenstaxTerm>Marx</OpenstaxTerm>, <OpenstaxTerm><OpenstaxEm>Das Kapital</OpenstaxEm></OpenstaxTerm>
		</OpenstaxParagraph>
	</OpenstaxBlockquote>
	<OpenstaxParagraph>
		Long after Marx’s death, his ideas continued to provide inspiration for people dissatisfied with inequality between social classes and angered by injustices. In 1917, revolutionaries in Russia, inspired by Marx’s ideas, overthrew the government and established a new communist society that became the Soviet Union and existed until 1991. Subsequent communist revolutions gave rise to governments that still exist in China, Vietnam, North Korea, Cuba, and Laos. Even in capitalist countries, communist and socialist political parties exist and are often quite popular with voters. Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont proudly calls himself a socialist, although as many have pointed out, he does not seek to overthrow capitalism or advocate public ownership of the means of production.
	</OpenstaxParagraph>
	<OpenstaxUl>
		<OpenstaxLi>
			What is capitalism, as described in this excerpt from <OpenstaxEm>Das Kapital</OpenstaxEm>? According to Karl Marx, what are its origins?
		</OpenstaxLi>
		<OpenstaxLi>
			How does Marx’s view of history agree or disagree with what you know about history?
		</OpenstaxLi>
		<OpenstaxLi>
			Are Marx’s ideas still relevant today? Why or why not?
		</OpenstaxLi>
		<OpenstaxLi>
			What would Marx say about the history of the world since his death? Have events since 1883 supported or undermined his arguments?
		</OpenstaxLi>
	</OpenstaxUl>
</OpenstaxNote>

6.3.3 Marxism

1 Understanding the Past

1.1 Developing a Global Perspective

1.1.1 World History as Preparation for Life After College

1.1.2 World History and Global Citizenship

1.1.3 Features of This Textbook

1.2 Primary Sources

1.2.1 Learning to Evaluate Documents and Images

1.2.2 Documentary Sources: Competing Narratives

1.2.3 Textual Sources: The Importance of Language

1.2.4 Hidden in History

1.3 Causation and Interpretation in History

1.3.1 Levels of Causation

1.3.2 Interpretation in History

2 Exchange in East Asia and the Indian Ocean

2.1 India and International Connections

2.1.1 The Mughal Empire

2.1.2 The Sultanate of Gujarat

2.1.3 The Rise of the Maratha Empire

2.1.4 European Colonialism

2.2 The Malacca Sultanate

2.2.1 The Rise of the Malacca Sultanate

2.2.2 European Malacca

2.3 Exchange in East Asia

2.3.1 Japan

2.3.2 China’s Dynastic Exchanges

2.3.3 Korea and Its Neighbors

3 Early Modern Africa and the Wider World

3.1 The Roots of African Trade

3.1.1 Saharan Trade Routes

3.1.2 The Spread of Islam

3.1.3 The Mali Empire

3.2 The Songhai Empire

3.2.1 The Rise of Imperial Songhai

3.2.2 The Reign of Askia the Great

3.2.3 The Decline of Songhai

3.3 The Swahili Coast

3.3.1 The Rise of the Swahili City-States

3.3.2 Slavery on the Swahili Coast

3.3.3 The Contest for the Swahili Coast

3.4 The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade

3.4.1 The Role of Kanem-Bornu

3.4.2 The Arrival of Europeans

3.4.3 The Later Trans-Saharan Slave Trade

4 The Islamic World

4.1 A Connected Islamic World

4.1.1 Politics and Religion in the Ummah

4.1.2 Islamic Trade Networks

4.1.3 Technology in the Islamic World

4.2 The Ottoman Empire

4.2.1 Culture and Society

4.2.2 Expansion, Revolutions, and Reform

4.2.3 Science and Technology

4.3 The Safavid Empire

4.3.1 The Rise of the Safavid Empire

4.3.2 Establishing Shi‘ism as the State Religion

4.3.3 Safavid Government and Culture

5 Foundations of the Atlantic World

5.1 The Protestant Reformation

5.1.1 The Origins of the Protestant Reformation

5.1.2 Calvinists, Anabaptists, and Anglicans

5.1.3 The Catholic Reformation and the Wars of Religion

5.2 Crossing the Atlantic

5.2.1 The Rise of Maritime Nations

5.2.2 The Columbian Exchange

5.3 The Mercantilist Economy

5.3.1 The Rise of Mercantilism

5.3.2 Mercantilism and the Expansion of Empire

5.3.3 Mercantilism and Its Critics

5.4 The Atlantic Slave Trade

5.4.1 Slavery and the Triangular Trade

5.4.2 African and North American Slavery

5.4.3 The Economics of Slavery

6 Colonization and Economic Expansion

6.1 European Colonization in the Americas

6.1.1 Spain’s Encomienda System

6.1.2 English Settlements in North America

6.1.3 French and Dutch Settlements

6.2 The Rise of a Global Economy

6.2.1 The Seven Years’ War

6.2.2 British Influence in India

6.2.3 China’s Dominance in Trade

6.2.4 Colonial Resistance and Revolution

6.3 Capitalism and the First Industrial Revolution

6.3.1 From Mercantilism to Capitalism

6.3.2 Mechanization

7 Revolutions in Europe and North America

7.1 The Enlightenment

7.1.1 The Authority of Reason

7.1.2 Natural Rights

7.1.3 Social Contract Theory

7.2 The Exchange of Ideas in the Public Sphere

7.2.1 Public Debate and Dissent

7.2.2 The Republic of Letters

7.2.3 Academies, Universities, and Intellectuals

7.3 Revolutions: America, France, and Haiti

7.3.1 The American Revolution

7.3.2 The French Revolution

7.3.3 The Haitian Revolution

7.4 Nationalism, Liberalism, Conservatism, and the Political Order

Question	Answer
the social class whose members owned the means of production and whose main goal was the preservation of capital	bourgeoisie
the landless working class	proletariat
an economic system in which the public owns the means of production	socialism