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World History 2

<OpenstaxParagraph>
	To compete with Spain and Portugal, their rivals England, France, and the Netherlands soon founded communities in <OpenstaxTerm>North America</OpenstaxTerm>. England established colonies on the mainland of North America in the sixteenth century, and by the middle of the eighteenth century, they stretched from Newfoundland to Georgia (<a href="#fig-00002">Figure 5.18</a>). Besides tobacco, they supplied England with a variety of goods ranging from timber, furs, and salted fish from the northern colonies to rice, indigo, and deer hides from the south. The colonies attracted many landless, unemployed young European men and women, too, who traveled to North America as <OpenstaxTerm>indentured servants</OpenstaxTerm>, bound by a contract to work for an agreed-upon number of years. After the landowner who paid for their passage had been compensated by their years of labor, indentured servants received their freedom and typically a grant of land as well.
</OpenstaxParagraph>
<OpenstaxFigure id="fig-00002" src="https://openstax.org/apps/archive/20240226.174525/resources/08fe094057c4b2b348293d23a2ffb82ab4a05a56" alt="A map of North America, the Arctic Ocean, and the northwest portion of South America is shown, along with the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. An area along the Atlantic coast of the U.S. from the Gulf of Maine, down through Virginia by the Chesapeake Bay and into land labeled “Carolina” is highlighted pink as Territory controlled by Great Britain. Splitting the pink area is a very small sliver south of the Gulf of Maine labeled “New Netherlands” and highlighted purple as Territory controlled by the Netherlands. West of the pink and purple areas, is a large portion of North America highlighted green from the Labrador Sea in Canada, including Newfoundland, Acadia, New France, and New England. It runs south to the Gulf of Mexico, and west to the middle of the U.S. and is labeled Territory controlled by France. This territory also includes the western half of Santo Domingo. All of Central America stretching up into a portion of the U.S., labeled new Spain, along with Florida, Cuba, and the eastern portion of the island of Santo Domingo in the Caribbean Sea is highlighted orange as Territory controlled by Spain." mediaType="image/jpg" width="1103" height="1203" />
<OpenstaxFigureText width="1103">
	<strong>Figure 5.18</strong> By the early seventeenth century, Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the Netherlands all had established colonies in the Americas. Spain’s empire was the largest. (credit: modification of work “Map of North America in 1750” by Bill of Rights Institute/Flickr, CC BY 4.0)
</OpenstaxFigureText>
<OpenstaxParagraph>
	France and the Netherlands also founded colonies in North America. In 1535, Jacques <OpenstaxTerm>Cartier</OpenstaxTerm> claimed <OpenstaxTerm>Canada</OpenstaxTerm>, also called New France, in the name of King <OpenstaxTerm>Francis I</OpenstaxTerm>. Like England, France was unable to maintain a permanent settlement in North America until the seventeenth century, when Samuel de <OpenstaxTerm>Champlain</OpenstaxTerm> founded one at <OpenstaxTerm>Quebec</OpenstaxTerm>. The French established further settlements in what is now the state of Maine, on the southern coast of Newfoundland, and in Louisiana (named for King Louis XIV). Animal hides and furs were the main exports to France. A small Dutch colony also briefly flourished in what is now New York and New Jersey before it was ceded to England in 1664. Like the French, the Dutch colonists of New Netherlands were primarily engaged in the fur trade, although many Dutch farmers also settled in the Hudson Valley, in New Jersey, and on Long Island.
</OpenstaxParagraph>
<OpenstaxNote>
	<OpenstaxNoteTitle> Link to Learning </OpenstaxNoteTitle> 
	<OpenstaxParagraph>
		Although Spain, Portugal, England, France, the Netherlands, and Denmark were the major countries that established colonies in the Americas between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries, they were not the only ones. At the Historic UK website, learn about <a href="https://openstax.org/l/77Darien">the Darien scheme</a> that was Scotland’s unsuccessful attempt to found a colony in Central America in 1698.
	</OpenstaxParagraph>
</OpenstaxNote>
<OpenstaxParagraph>
	The European nations intended to extract the greatest possible wealth from their mainland colonies in the form of raw materials such as hides, furs, and agricultural products. France controlled immigration to Canada to ensure that its population remained limited to fur trappers and traders, a small number of farmers to provide them with food, and soldiers to guard them. In 1627, the French government granted a monopoly over the fur trade to the Company of New France. All fur <OpenstaxTerm>trappers</OpenstaxTerm> in Canada were to either work directly for the company or sell their furs to it. Traders had to pay the government a 25 percent sales tax. In 1663, Louis XIV placed the company under royal control.
</OpenstaxParagraph>
<OpenstaxParagraph>
	<OpenstaxTerm>Spain</OpenstaxTerm> exercised the strictest control over colonial commerce. Trade was limited to only a few ports in the Spanish colonies and the port of Seville in Spain, and two trading fleets departed from Seville bound for the Americas each year. The Spanish government forbade trade at other times. In addition, those seeking to engage in trade had to procure a license to do so, at considerable expense. The Spanish government also held a number of monopolies, such as one on all silver produced in its colonies, as well as owning all the mercury produced in the colony of Peru. Spanish colonies that needed mercury, which was used for processing the gold and silver they mined, had to purchase it from <OpenstaxTerm>Peru</OpenstaxTerm>.
</OpenstaxParagraph>
<OpenstaxParagraph>
	Although the mainland colonies yielded wealth for the European home countries, the chief prizes were the islands of the <OpenstaxTerm>Caribbean</OpenstaxTerm> where <OpenstaxTerm>sugar</OpenstaxTerm> could be grown. Over the course of the seventeenth century, England, France, and the Netherlands set up colonies throughout the Caribbean on islands either not claimed by Spain or taken from it. The three attempted to found colonies in Central or South America as well, but Spanish and Portuguese dominance there either made these efforts unsuccessful, like the Dutch attempts in Brazil, or they kept the colonies small, such as French Guiana and Dutch Guiana, now Suriname.
</OpenstaxParagraph>

5.3.2 Mercantilism and the Expansion of Empire

1 Understanding the Past

1.1 Developing a Global Perspective

1.1.1 World History as Preparation for Life After College

1.1.2 World History and Global Citizenship

1.1.3 Features of This Textbook

1.2 Primary Sources

1.2.1 Learning to Evaluate Documents and Images

1.2.2 Documentary Sources: Competing Narratives

1.2.3 Textual Sources: The Importance of Language

1.2.4 Hidden in History

1.3 Causation and Interpretation in History

1.3.1 Levels of Causation

1.3.2 Interpretation in History

2 Exchange in East Asia and the Indian Ocean

2.1 India and International Connections

2.1.1 The Mughal Empire

2.1.2 The Sultanate of Gujarat

2.1.3 The Rise of the Maratha Empire

2.1.4 European Colonialism

2.2 The Malacca Sultanate

2.2.1 The Rise of the Malacca Sultanate

2.2.2 European Malacca

2.3 Exchange in East Asia

2.3.1 Japan

2.3.2 China’s Dynastic Exchanges

2.3.3 Korea and Its Neighbors

3 Early Modern Africa and the Wider World

3.1 The Roots of African Trade

3.1.1 Saharan Trade Routes

3.1.2 The Spread of Islam

3.1.3 The Mali Empire

3.2 The Songhai Empire

3.2.1 The Rise of Imperial Songhai

3.2.2 The Reign of Askia the Great

3.2.3 The Decline of Songhai

3.3 The Swahili Coast

3.3.1 The Rise of the Swahili City-States

3.3.2 Slavery on the Swahili Coast

3.3.3 The Contest for the Swahili Coast

3.4 The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade

3.4.1 The Role of Kanem-Bornu

3.4.2 The Arrival of Europeans

3.4.3 The Later Trans-Saharan Slave Trade

4 The Islamic World

4.1 A Connected Islamic World

4.1.1 Politics and Religion in the Ummah

4.1.2 Islamic Trade Networks

4.1.3 Technology in the Islamic World

4.2 The Ottoman Empire

4.2.1 Culture and Society

4.2.2 Expansion, Revolutions, and Reform

4.2.3 Science and Technology

4.3 The Safavid Empire

4.3.1 The Rise of the Safavid Empire

4.3.2 Establishing Shi‘ism as the State Religion

4.3.3 Safavid Government and Culture

5 Foundations of the Atlantic World

5.1 The Protestant Reformation

5.1.1 The Origins of the Protestant Reformation

5.1.2 Calvinists, Anabaptists, and Anglicans

5.1.3 The Catholic Reformation and the Wars of Religion

5.2 Crossing the Atlantic

5.2.1 The Rise of Maritime Nations

5.2.2 The Columbian Exchange

5.3 The Mercantilist Economy

5.3.1 The Rise of Mercantilism

5.3.3 Mercantilism and Its Critics

5.4 The Atlantic Slave Trade

5.4.1 Slavery and the Triangular Trade

5.4.2 African and North American Slavery

5.4.3 The Economics of Slavery

6 Colonization and Economic Expansion

6.1 European Colonization in the Americas

6.1.1 Spain’s Encomienda System

6.1.2 English Settlements in North America

6.1.3 French and Dutch Settlements

6.2 The Rise of a Global Economy

6.2.1 The Seven Years’ War

6.2.2 British Influence in India

6.2.3 China’s Dominance in Trade

6.2.4 Colonial Resistance and Revolution

6.3 Capitalism and the First Industrial Revolution

6.3.1 From Mercantilism to Capitalism

6.3.2 Mechanization

6.3.3 Marxism

7 Revolutions in Europe and North America

7.1 The Enlightenment

7.1.1 The Authority of Reason

7.1.2 Natural Rights

7.1.3 Social Contract Theory

7.2 The Exchange of Ideas in the Public Sphere

7.2.1 Public Debate and Dissent

7.2.2 The Republic of Letters

7.2.3 Academies, Universities, and Intellectuals

7.3 Revolutions: America, France, and Haiti

7.3.1 The American Revolution

7.3.2 The French Revolution

7.3.3 The Haitian Revolution

7.4 Nationalism, Liberalism, Conservatism, and the Political Order