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Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

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Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

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Persian, Western

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Chinese, Hakka

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Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

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Chinese, Min Dong

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Balochi

World History 2

<OpenstaxFigure id="fig-00001" src="https://openstax.org/apps/archive/20240226.174525/resources/8e96111b9006709fb58fbc13ae9cb078fd0b17f0" alt="A round map of a city is shown. A large steepled building is in the center of the circle. Smaller buildings, roads, farmlands, waterways, parks, people, animals, locations of fires, and areas with teepees circle the steepled building throughout the map." mediaType="image/jpg" width="1661" height="800" />
<OpenstaxFigureText width="1661">
	Figure 4.1 Sultan Suleiman I’s attempted conquest of Vienna in 1529, the year before this panoramic map of the city was made, sent shockwaves across Europe. The building in the center of this detail view is St. Stephen’s Cathedral, which served as an informal headquarters for the defense of the city. (credit: modification of work “Panoramic view of Vienna during the first Turkish siege, 1529” by Vienna Museum/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain)
</OpenstaxFigureText>
<OpenstaxParagraph>
	In 1526, the Ottoman armies of Sultan Suleiman “the Magnificent” defeated the Hungarians at the Battle of Mohacs, setting the stage for a showdown with the Habsburgs, the rulers of Austria, at Vienna. In May 1529, Suleiman’s army of approximately 100,000 soldiers set out from the Black Sea through the spring rains for the culmination of Ottoman expansion into central Europe under his reign. Though somewhat weakened by the loss of equipment to heavier-than-expected rain, they reached the walls of Vienna in September and began the siege. Despite being greatly outnumbered, however, the Viennese defenders were able to repulse each of the Ottoman advances (<a href="#fig-00001">Figure 4.1</a>).
</OpenstaxParagraph>
<OpenstaxParagraph>
	Eventually, Suleiman was forced to admit defeat and retreat to Constantinople, the former capital of the Byzantine Empire that was also commonly referred to as Istanbul (Greek for “to the city”). Although the 1529 siege of Vienna was a failure for the Ottomans, their bold move greatly alarmed kingdoms across Europe. It also led Suleiman to direct his attention east toward Iran and control of Mesopotamia, areas he thought more important for the security of his existing territory. By the end of his life in 1566, the <OpenstaxTerm>Ottoman Empire</OpenstaxTerm> was near the height of its power and territorial control. However, it was not the only large Muslim state to dominate Eurasia. The <OpenstaxTerm>Safavid</OpenstaxTerm>s in Iran also expanded Islamic military, political, and economic power in the region we call the Middle East.
</OpenstaxParagraph>
<OpenstaxFigure id="fig-00002" src="https://openstax.org/apps/archive/20240226.174525/resources/44cb6679626aa9d9614f5ed44b463b72785aa9e6" alt="This is a timeline of important events covered in this chapter. 1300: Osman I establishes Ottoman Empire; an image of a man seated in a throne in a colorful robe and turban is shown surrounded by people and a large black animal is shown. 1453: Ottomans capture Constantinople. 1492: Expulsion of Jewish people from Spain. 1501: Safavid Empire founded. 1529: Ottomans besiege Vienna; a circular map is shown of a city with buildings and terrain. 1533: Sultanate of Women begins with Hurrem Sultan; an image of a woman in a red dress and an ornate head dress is shown. 1555: Peace of Amaya established. 1577: Taqi al-Din invited to build Istanbul observatory; an image of people in an observatory is shown. 1606: Holy Savior Cathedral built in Isfahan; an image of the inside of a large, ornately decorated cathedral is shown." mediaType="image/jpg" width="1301" height="725" />
<OpenstaxFigureText width="1301">
	Figure 4.2 (credit “1300”: modification of work “Osman Gazi (I)” by Seyid Lockman/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain; credit “1529”: modification of work “Panoramic view of Vienna during the first Turkish siege, 1529” by Vienna Museum/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain; credit “1533”: modification of work “Portrait of Roxelana, Khourrem” by Jak Amran Collection, Istanbul/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain; credit “1577” modification of work “Istambul observatory in 1577” by Cahiers de Science et Vie No114/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain; credit “1606” modification of work “Armenian Frescoes” by David Stanley/Flickr, CC BY 2.0)
</OpenstaxFigureText>
<OpenstaxFigure id="fig-00003" src="https://openstax.org/apps/archive/20240226.174525/resources/08a7ce3eb00dda34f7b350fd0d4dc5887888d9af" alt="A map of the world is shown. A red box includes southeastern Europe, central Asia, northwestern Africa, and India." mediaType="image/jpg" width="1101" height="750" />
<OpenstaxFigureText width="1101">
	Figure 4.3 (credit: modification of work “World map blank shorelines” by Maciej Jaros/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain)
</OpenstaxFigureText>

4 The Islamic World

1 Understanding the Past

1.1 Developing a Global Perspective

1.1.1 World History as Preparation for Life After College

1.1.2 World History and Global Citizenship

1.1.3 Features of This Textbook

1.2 Primary Sources

1.2.1 Learning to Evaluate Documents and Images

1.2.2 Documentary Sources: Competing Narratives

1.2.3 Textual Sources: The Importance of Language

1.2.4 Hidden in History

1.3 Causation and Interpretation in History

1.3.1 Levels of Causation

1.3.2 Interpretation in History

2 Exchange in East Asia and the Indian Ocean

2.1 India and International Connections

2.1.1 The Mughal Empire

2.1.2 The Sultanate of Gujarat

2.1.3 The Rise of the Maratha Empire

2.1.4 European Colonialism

2.2 The Malacca Sultanate

2.2.1 The Rise of the Malacca Sultanate

2.2.2 European Malacca

2.3 Exchange in East Asia

2.3.1 Japan

2.3.2 China’s Dynastic Exchanges

2.3.3 Korea and Its Neighbors

3 Early Modern Africa and the Wider World

3.1 The Roots of African Trade

3.1.1 Saharan Trade Routes

3.1.2 The Spread of Islam

3.1.3 The Mali Empire

3.2 The Songhai Empire

3.2.1 The Rise of Imperial Songhai

3.2.2 The Reign of Askia the Great

3.2.3 The Decline of Songhai

3.3 The Swahili Coast

3.3.1 The Rise of the Swahili City-States

3.3.2 Slavery on the Swahili Coast

3.3.3 The Contest for the Swahili Coast

3.4 The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade

3.4.1 The Role of Kanem-Bornu

3.4.2 The Arrival of Europeans

3.4.3 The Later Trans-Saharan Slave Trade

4.1 A Connected Islamic World

4.1.1 Politics and Religion in the Ummah

4.1.2 Islamic Trade Networks

4.1.3 Technology in the Islamic World

4.2 The Ottoman Empire

4.2.1 Culture and Society

4.2.2 Expansion, Revolutions, and Reform

4.2.3 Science and Technology

4.3 The Safavid Empire

4.3.1 The Rise of the Safavid Empire

4.3.2 Establishing Shi‘ism as the State Religion

4.3.3 Safavid Government and Culture

5 Foundations of the Atlantic World

5.1 The Protestant Reformation

5.1.1 The Origins of the Protestant Reformation

5.1.2 Calvinists, Anabaptists, and Anglicans

5.1.3 The Catholic Reformation and the Wars of Religion

5.2 Crossing the Atlantic

5.2.1 The Rise of Maritime Nations

5.2.2 The Columbian Exchange

5.3 The Mercantilist Economy

5.3.1 The Rise of Mercantilism

5.3.2 Mercantilism and the Expansion of Empire

5.3.3 Mercantilism and Its Critics

5.4 The Atlantic Slave Trade

5.4.1 Slavery and the Triangular Trade

5.4.2 African and North American Slavery

5.4.3 The Economics of Slavery

6 Colonization and Economic Expansion

6.1 European Colonization in the Americas

6.1.1 Spain’s Encomienda System

6.1.2 English Settlements in North America

6.1.3 French and Dutch Settlements

6.2 The Rise of a Global Economy

6.2.1 The Seven Years’ War

6.2.2 British Influence in India

6.2.3 China’s Dominance in Trade

6.2.4 Colonial Resistance and Revolution

6.3 Capitalism and the First Industrial Revolution

6.3.1 From Mercantilism to Capitalism

6.3.2 Mechanization

6.3.3 Marxism

7 Revolutions in Europe and North America

7.1 The Enlightenment

7.1.1 The Authority of Reason

7.1.2 Natural Rights

7.1.3 Social Contract Theory

7.2 The Exchange of Ideas in the Public Sphere

7.2.1 Public Debate and Dissent

7.2.2 The Republic of Letters

7.2.3 Academies, Universities, and Intellectuals

7.3 Revolutions: America, France, and Haiti

7.3.1 The American Revolution

7.3.2 The French Revolution

7.3.3 The Haitian Revolution

7.4 Nationalism, Liberalism, Conservatism, and the Political Order