Chinese, Mandarin

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Persian, Dari

Persian, Western

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek, Modern

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

World History 2

<OpenstaxParagraph>
	Besides promoting controversial ideas like privatization, MNCs, many of which are headquartered in the <OpenstaxTerm>United States</OpenstaxTerm>, also are responsible for exporting elements of western culture, especially <OpenstaxTerm>popular culture</OpenstaxTerm>. Although many people around the world enjoy such things as western fashions, movies and television shows, popular music, and fast food, other people fear that such influences harm local cultures and contribute to the <OpenstaxTerm>Americanization</OpenstaxTerm> (and homogenization) of the world.
</OpenstaxParagraph>
<OpenstaxParagraph>
	Few countries have been as culturally influential as the United States, thanks to its global dominance after World War II. U.S. troops at military bases around the world were often the first to expose their hosts in Europe and Asia to American traditions, sports, and norms. Consumers around the world purchased a wide range of “Made in USA” products, including Coca-Cola, Levi’s jeans, and Hollywood movies, which, along with American music, helped to spread the American dialect of the English language.
</OpenstaxParagraph>
<OpenstaxParagraph>
	Some early Americanization efforts were intentional, such as in <OpenstaxTerm>Germany</OpenstaxTerm> and <OpenstaxTerm>Japan</OpenstaxTerm> where the goal was to lay a foundation for U.S.-style democracy by projecting ideas like freedom and affluence via popular culture. These ideas were also attractive in <OpenstaxTerm>South Korea</OpenstaxTerm> and <OpenstaxTerm>South Vietnam</OpenstaxTerm>. Typically, young people patronized fast-food restaurants like McDonald’s and Pizza Hut, purchased blue jeans and T-shirts, watched American television shows, and sought out recordings of the latest popular music.
</OpenstaxParagraph>
<OpenstaxParagraph>
	The popularity of American culture led many countries to fear the loss of their own unique cultural characteristics and the weakening of their domestic industries. <OpenstaxTerm>Brazil</OpenstaxTerm>, <OpenstaxTerm>Greece</OpenstaxTerm>, <OpenstaxTerm>Spain</OpenstaxTerm>, <OpenstaxTerm>South Korea</OpenstaxTerm>, and others imposed screen quotas, limiting the hours theaters could show foreign movies. In 1993, <OpenstaxTerm>France</OpenstaxTerm> forced the nation’s radio stations to allocate 40 percent of their airtime to exclusively French music.
</OpenstaxParagraph>
<OpenstaxParagraph>
	Hollywood movies and American recording artists are still major players, but in the twenty-first century, diversity has returned to the global stage. Japanese <OpenstaxTerm>anime</OpenstaxTerm> and <OpenstaxTerm>manga</OpenstaxTerm> have become global phenomena. South Korean <OpenstaxTerm>K-pop</OpenstaxTerm> bands like BTS, iKon, and Got7 have gained audiences in the United States, Europe, and across Asia (<a href="#fig-00005">Figure 15.7</a>). In 2021, the Korean-made serial thriller <OpenstaxEm>Squid Game</OpenstaxEm> became the most-watched Netflix show of all time. Korean television dramas are also very popular in Southeast Asian countries like the Philippines. Korean popular culture borrows American cultural styles but invigorates them with distinctly Korean elements. For example, K-pop, with its large groups and flashy choreographed dancing, was clearly influenced by hip-hop. K-pop itself is thus a potent reminder that <OpenstaxTerm>globalization</OpenstaxTerm> is often the product of cultural sharing rather than a one-directional flow of cultural norms.
</OpenstaxParagraph>
<OpenstaxFigure id="fig-00005" src="https://openstax.org/apps/archive/20240226.174525/resources/3ad54542f62ea855abfe99ab396a5566bdd309ac" alt="A picture is shown of four women on a stage with a blue and orange confetti lit background. The women are all Asian and wear black, double breasted, long-sleeved jackets, black shorts, and tall black boots. The woman on the left holds a microphone in her left hand, is looking down, and has red lipstick and long curly brown hair on the right side of her head and short black hair on the left. The next woman has short straight black hair, dark eye make-up and is holding her right hand up to her face, facing to her right. The next two women stand with their backs to each other, facing out, hands on their hips. The one on the left has long black hair and the one on the right has short brownish hair. They both have dark eye makeup. There are two yellow strobe lights shining behind them, one on the left and one on the right." mediaType="image/jpg" width="901" height="534" />
<OpenstaxFigureText width="901">
	<strong>Figure 15.7</strong> K-pop groups like the award-winning Brown Eyed Girls mix Korean themes with American-style pop music and dance. (credit: “Korean Pop Group Brown Eyed Girls perform at MTV EXIT concert in Hanoi” by USAID Vietnam/Flickr, Public Domain)
</OpenstaxFigureText>

15.1.3 Exporting Culture

1 Understanding the Past

1.1 Developing a Global Perspective

1.1.1 World History as Preparation for Life After College

1.1.2 World History and Global Citizenship

1.1.3 Features of This Textbook

1.2 Primary Sources

1.2.1 Learning to Evaluate Documents and Images

1.2.2 Documentary Sources: Competing Narratives

1.2.3 Textual Sources: The Importance of Language

1.2.4 Hidden in History

1.3 Causation and Interpretation in History

1.3.1 Levels of Causation

1.3.2 Interpretation in History

2 Exchange in East Asia and the Indian Ocean

2.1 India and International Connections

2.1.1 The Mughal Empire

2.1.2 The Sultanate of Gujarat

2.1.3 The Rise of the Maratha Empire

2.1.4 European Colonialism

2.2 The Malacca Sultanate

2.2.1 The Rise of the Malacca Sultanate

2.2.2 European Malacca

2.3 Exchange in East Asia

2.3.1 Japan

2.3.2 China’s Dynastic Exchanges

2.3.3 Korea and Its Neighbors

3 Early Modern Africa and the Wider World

3.1 The Roots of African Trade

3.1.1 Saharan Trade Routes

3.1.2 The Spread of Islam

3.1.3 The Mali Empire

3.2 The Songhai Empire

3.2.1 The Rise of Imperial Songhai

3.2.2 The Reign of Askia the Great

3.2.3 The Decline of Songhai

3.3 The Swahili Coast

3.3.1 The Rise of the Swahili City-States

3.3.2 Slavery on the Swahili Coast

3.3.3 The Contest for the Swahili Coast

3.4 The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade

3.4.1 The Role of Kanem-Bornu

3.4.2 The Arrival of Europeans

3.4.3 The Later Trans-Saharan Slave Trade

4 The Islamic World

4.1 A Connected Islamic World

4.1.1 Politics and Religion in the Ummah

4.1.2 Islamic Trade Networks

4.1.3 Technology in the Islamic World

4.2 The Ottoman Empire

4.2.1 Culture and Society

4.2.2 Expansion, Revolutions, and Reform

4.2.3 Science and Technology

4.3 The Safavid Empire

4.3.1 The Rise of the Safavid Empire

4.3.2 Establishing Shi‘ism as the State Religion

4.3.3 Safavid Government and Culture

5 Foundations of the Atlantic World

5.1 The Protestant Reformation

5.1.1 The Origins of the Protestant Reformation

5.1.2 Calvinists, Anabaptists, and Anglicans

5.1.3 The Catholic Reformation and the Wars of Religion

5.2 Crossing the Atlantic

5.2.1 The Rise of Maritime Nations

5.2.2 The Columbian Exchange

5.3 The Mercantilist Economy

5.3.1 The Rise of Mercantilism

5.3.2 Mercantilism and the Expansion of Empire

5.3.3 Mercantilism and Its Critics

5.4 The Atlantic Slave Trade

5.4.1 Slavery and the Triangular Trade

5.4.2 African and North American Slavery

5.4.3 The Economics of Slavery

6 Colonization and Economic Expansion

6.1 European Colonization in the Americas

6.1.1 Spain’s Encomienda System

6.1.2 English Settlements in North America

6.1.3 French and Dutch Settlements

6.2 The Rise of a Global Economy

6.2.1 The Seven Years’ War

6.2.2 British Influence in India

6.2.3 China’s Dominance in Trade

6.2.4 Colonial Resistance and Revolution

6.3 Capitalism and the First Industrial Revolution

6.3.1 From Mercantilism to Capitalism

6.3.2 Mechanization

6.3.3 Marxism

7 Revolutions in Europe and North America

7.1 The Enlightenment

7.1.1 The Authority of Reason

7.1.2 Natural Rights

7.1.3 Social Contract Theory

7.2 The Exchange of Ideas in the Public Sphere

7.2.1 Public Debate and Dissent

7.2.2 The Republic of Letters

7.2.3 Academies, Universities, and Intellectuals

7.3 Revolutions: America, France, and Haiti

7.3.1 The American Revolution

7.3.2 The French Revolution

7.3.3 The Haitian Revolution