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World History 2

<OpenstaxParagraph>
	Since he first rose to power in 1862, German chancellor Otto von <OpenstaxTerm>Bismarck</OpenstaxTerm> had pursued conservative policies that strengthened first Prussia and then Germany itself. In particular, Bismarck hoped to check the power of <OpenstaxTerm>Russia</OpenstaxTerm> and <OpenstaxTerm>France</OpenstaxTerm> by developing a series of alliances that would keep them from growing more dominant and presenting a threat to German leadership in the region. A military alliance with <OpenstaxTerm>Austria-Hungary</OpenstaxTerm> was created to stand up to Russia. This alliance later grew to include <OpenstaxTerm>Italy</OpenstaxTerm> and became formalized as the <OpenstaxTerm>Triple Alliance</OpenstaxTerm>. In 1894, Russia and France signed a treaty pledging military support for one another if attacked and requiring each to mobilize its armies if the other did so. In 1907, the <OpenstaxTerm>Triple Entente</OpenstaxTerm> was created between Russia, France, and Britain, growing out of a shared distrust of German aims.
</OpenstaxParagraph>
<OpenstaxParagraph>
	By the early twentieth century, then, a series of alliances had effectively divided Europe into two blocs of power. A <OpenstaxTerm>bloc</OpenstaxTerm> is a group of countries united for a common purpose. One bloc included Russia, France, and Britain, and the other Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. While these two groups stood opposed to one another, there were nuances in the arrangements. Britain, for example, had not promised any mutual aid in times of war when it signed its initial agreement with France, nor had it done so in its agreement with Russia, while France was bound to provide military support for Russia if Russia were attacked and not the aggressor.
</OpenstaxParagraph>
<OpenstaxParagraph>
	What these new alliances also did was provide fuel for the German emperor <OpenstaxTerm>Wilhelm II</OpenstaxTerm>’s growing concern that he was surrounded by hostile nations (<a href="#fig-00001">Figure 11.4</a>). Some of this preoccupation was undoubtedly justified. Germany faced a hostile France to its west and Russia to its east. But Wilhelm’s fixation on it drove him and Germany to adopt even more aggressive stances toward their “enemies” that helped create the cataclysm of World War I.
</OpenstaxParagraph>
<OpenstaxFigure id="fig-00001" src="https://openstax.org/apps/archive/20240226.174525/resources/5bbf4f8f9fd108dff748ca9b00e28eb0c89930ab" alt="This is satirical map of Europe in 1914. Each nation is shown in a different color and is decorated with cartoon style drawings of people and animals representing each nation. Germany includes two soldiers. One soldier has a gun pointed at Russia’s nose. His foot also pushes Russia’s nose. The other soldier faces the other way and his gun and foot are in France. Austria-Hungary is a soldier with a gun pointed toward Russia. Other countries look on at the encounter. Text, in German, is written on the margins of the map." mediaType="image/jpg" width="1300" height="965" />
<OpenstaxFigureText width="1300">
	<strong>Figure 11.4</strong> This satirical German map from 1914 reflects Kaiser Wilhelm II’s growing concern that Germany was encircled by its enemies. (credit: “Cartoon Map of Europe in 1914” by Berlin State Library/The Public Domain Review, Public Domain)
</OpenstaxFigureText>

11.1.2 Treaties and Alliances

1 Understanding the Past

1.1 Developing a Global Perspective

1.1.1 World History as Preparation for Life After College

1.1.2 World History and Global Citizenship

1.1.3 Features of This Textbook

1.2 Primary Sources

1.2.1 Learning to Evaluate Documents and Images

1.2.2 Documentary Sources: Competing Narratives

1.2.3 Textual Sources: The Importance of Language

1.2.4 Hidden in History

1.3 Causation and Interpretation in History

1.3.1 Levels of Causation

1.3.2 Interpretation in History

2 Exchange in East Asia and the Indian Ocean

2.1 India and International Connections

2.1.1 The Mughal Empire

2.1.2 The Sultanate of Gujarat

2.1.3 The Rise of the Maratha Empire

2.1.4 European Colonialism

2.2 The Malacca Sultanate

2.2.1 The Rise of the Malacca Sultanate

2.2.2 European Malacca

2.3 Exchange in East Asia

2.3.1 Japan

2.3.2 China’s Dynastic Exchanges

2.3.3 Korea and Its Neighbors

3 Early Modern Africa and the Wider World

3.1 The Roots of African Trade

3.1.1 Saharan Trade Routes

3.1.2 The Spread of Islam

3.1.3 The Mali Empire

3.2 The Songhai Empire

3.2.1 The Rise of Imperial Songhai

3.2.2 The Reign of Askia the Great

3.2.3 The Decline of Songhai

3.3 The Swahili Coast

3.3.1 The Rise of the Swahili City-States

3.3.2 Slavery on the Swahili Coast

3.3.3 The Contest for the Swahili Coast

3.4 The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade

3.4.1 The Role of Kanem-Bornu

3.4.2 The Arrival of Europeans

3.4.3 The Later Trans-Saharan Slave Trade

4 The Islamic World

4.1 A Connected Islamic World

4.1.1 Politics and Religion in the Ummah

4.1.2 Islamic Trade Networks

4.1.3 Technology in the Islamic World

4.2 The Ottoman Empire

4.2.1 Culture and Society

4.2.2 Expansion, Revolutions, and Reform

4.2.3 Science and Technology

4.3 The Safavid Empire

4.3.1 The Rise of the Safavid Empire

4.3.2 Establishing Shi‘ism as the State Religion

4.3.3 Safavid Government and Culture

5 Foundations of the Atlantic World

5.1 The Protestant Reformation

5.1.1 The Origins of the Protestant Reformation

5.1.2 Calvinists, Anabaptists, and Anglicans

5.1.3 The Catholic Reformation and the Wars of Religion

5.2 Crossing the Atlantic

5.2.1 The Rise of Maritime Nations

5.2.2 The Columbian Exchange

5.3 The Mercantilist Economy

5.3.1 The Rise of Mercantilism

5.3.2 Mercantilism and the Expansion of Empire

5.3.3 Mercantilism and Its Critics

5.4 The Atlantic Slave Trade

5.4.1 Slavery and the Triangular Trade

5.4.2 African and North American Slavery

5.4.3 The Economics of Slavery

6 Colonization and Economic Expansion

6.1 European Colonization in the Americas

6.1.1 Spain’s Encomienda System

6.1.2 English Settlements in North America

6.1.3 French and Dutch Settlements

6.2 The Rise of a Global Economy

6.2.1 The Seven Years’ War

6.2.2 British Influence in India

6.2.3 China’s Dominance in Trade

6.2.4 Colonial Resistance and Revolution

6.3 Capitalism and the First Industrial Revolution

6.3.1 From Mercantilism to Capitalism

6.3.2 Mechanization

6.3.3 Marxism

7 Revolutions in Europe and North America

7.1 The Enlightenment

7.1.1 The Authority of Reason

7.1.2 Natural Rights

7.1.3 Social Contract Theory

7.2 The Exchange of Ideas in the Public Sphere

7.2.1 Public Debate and Dissent

7.2.2 The Republic of Letters

7.2.3 Academies, Universities, and Intellectuals

7.3 Revolutions: America, France, and Haiti

7.3.1 The American Revolution

7.3.2 The French Revolution

7.3.3 The Haitian Revolution

Question	Answer
a treaty of alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy	Triple Alliance
a treaty of alliance between France, Russia, and Britain	Triple Entente