They both had to find military alternatives to their own elite. They both had to prove they were descended from a religious authority. They both had to take control of Italy to ensure their wealth. They both had to develop systems of writing to record their scriptures.

Word
They both had to find military alternatives to their own elite.
They both had to prove they were descended from a religious authority.
They both had to take control of Italy to ensure their wealth.
They both had to develop systems of writing to record their scriptures.
Meaning
What challenge did both the Abbasid Caliphate and the Byzantine Empire face?
Part of speech
Pronunciation
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