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Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

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Chinese, Min Nan

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Persian, Western

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Chinese, Hakka

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Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

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Chinese, Min Bei

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Chinese, Min Dong

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World History 1

<OpenstaxFigure id="fig-00001" src="https://openstax.org/apps/archive/20240226.174525/resources/fd1f4a6f87b8585f2e4ea6fb7138946b3492d139" alt="A panoramic photo of ruins of a city on a mountainside with large mountains in the background. In the front left of the image the ruined, dark gray, connected, long stone buildings sit on six steps with walls left depicting rooms and no roofs. Below the last step a flat, green grass filled space shows more stone walls with rooms outlined and roofs missing. Going down the mountain in front of the bottom tier are more ruined stone buildings and a thick forest of green trees. More ruins of maze-like buildings are seen in the background along with a pyramid shaped structure in the back left of the image. The bottom left corner shows beige steps in the mountain with people depicted at the top. In front of those steps are large greenish steps and some rocks. In the bottom right of the image a road can be seen with people standing." mediaType="image/jpg" width="1751" height="725" />
<OpenstaxFigureText width="1751">
	Figure 8.1 Nestled between two peaks high in the Andes Mountains, the Inca fortress of Machu Picchu was built in the fifteenth century CE and once looked out over an expansive empire. (credit: modification of work “Machu Picchu” by Roger Canals/Wikimedia Commons, CC0 1.0)
</OpenstaxFigureText>
<OpenstaxParagraph>
	The stunning ruins of <OpenstaxTerm>Machu Picchu</OpenstaxTerm>, situated in the Andes Mountains between two sharp peaks almost eight thousand feet above sea level, continue to attract visitors from around the world (<a href="#fig-00001">Figure 8.1</a>). Once a palace and royal retreat for the conquering Inca ruler Pachacuti Yupanqui, the complex was begun in the mid-fifteenth century CE and remained occupied until shortly after the Spanish arrived in the following century. Under Pachacuti Yupanqui, from their Andean home city of Cuzco, the Inca extended their control and built a large empire in Peru. Later rulers continued this expansion, bringing much of western South America under their rule. While the Inca Empire was impressive and politically, religiously, and technologically sophisticated, it was merely the last of many Andean civilizations and cultures stretching back thousands of years. Indeed, these South American civilizations were part of an even larger number of cultures, empires, and architectural traditions that spanned the entire Western Hemisphere and were built by the descendants of migrants who reached the Americas several thousand years ago.
</OpenstaxParagraph>
<OpenstaxFigure id="fig-00002" src="https://openstax.org/apps/archive/20240226.174525/resources/9e010d72e7e03e7ec7e0865687f26e62d0a7d0b1" alt="A timeline with chapter events is shown. 16,000 BCE: Humans migrate into the Americas. 11,000 BCE: Clovis culture originates; an image of an orange and yellow arrow shaped item is shown. 3000 BCE: Norte Chico civilization begins. 1200 BCE: Olmec civilization forms; an image of a stone face is shown in a helmet. 300 BCE: Maya invent writing system; an image of twelve boxes of stone carvings is shown. 200 BCE: Nazca lines created; an aerial image of a winged figure is shown in green fields. 200 BCE: Hopewell tradition emerges. 1000 CE: Pueblo Bonito peaks; an image of ruins of a stone wall are seen on the backdrop of tall brown cliffs. 1050 CE: Cahokia founded. 1450 CE: Machu Picchu built; an aerial image of the ruins of a city set among the mountains is shown." mediaType="image/jpg" width="1301" height="725" />
<OpenstaxFigureText width="1301">
	Figure 8.2 (credit “11,000 BCE”: modification of work “Clovis point” by “Daderot”/Wikimedia Commons, CC0 1.0; credit “1200 BCE”: modification of work “An Olmec colossal head at the Xalapa Museum of Anthropology, in Veracruz, Mexico” by “Maunus”/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain; credit “300 BCE”: modification of work “Maya stucco glyphs displayed in the museum at Palenque, Mexico” by “Kwamikagami”/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain; credit “200 BCE”: modification of work “The Condor” by Roger Canals/Wikimedia Commons, CC0 1.0; credit “1000 CE”: modification of work “Chaco Canyon - Taaqa &#x27;man&#x27; at Pueblo Bonita” by “Kyleson1”/Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0; credit “1450 CE”: modification of work “Machu Picchu” by Roger Canals/Wikimedia Commons, CC0 1.0)
</OpenstaxFigureText>
<OpenstaxFigure id="fig-00003" src="https://openstax.org/apps/archive/20240226.174525/resources/c31b547aa6a47cca74405e70925c74082d01a780" alt="A map of the world is shown. The continents of North and South American are highlighted orange." mediaType="image/jpg" width="1101" height="750" />
<OpenstaxFigureText width="1101">
	Figure 8.3 (credit: modification of work “World map blank shorelines” by Maciej Jaros/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain)
</OpenstaxFigureText>

8 The Americas in Ancient Times

1 Understanding the Past

1.1 Developing a Global Perspective

1.1.1 World History as Preparation for Life after College

1.1.2 World History and Global Citizenship

1.1.3 Features of This Textbook

1.2 Primary Sources

1.2.1 Learning to Evaluate Documents and Images

1.2.2 Documentary Sources: Competing Narratives

1.2.3 Textual Sources: The Importance of Language

1.2.4 Hidden in History

1.3 Causation and Interpretation in History

1.3.1 Levels of Causation

1.3.2 Interpretation in History

2 Early Humans

2.1 Early Human Evolution and Migration

2.1.1 Human Evolution

2.1.2 Why Did Humans Move and Where Did They Go?

2.1.3 Early Human Technologies

2.2 People in the Paleolithic Age

2.2.1 Ice, Ice, and More Ice

2.2.2 Life in the Paleolithic Age

2.2.3 Diverse Paleolithic Peoples

2.3 The Neolithic Revolution

2.3.1 The Development of Agriculture

2.3.2 How Farming Changed the Human Experience

2.3.3 Neolithic Peoples

3 Early Civilizations and Urban Societies

3.1 Early Civilizations

3.1.1 Attributes of Early Civilizations

3.1.2 The First Urban Societies

3.2 Ancient Mesopotamia

3.2.1 The Rise and Eclipse of Sumer

3.2.2 The Rise of the World’s First Empire

3.2.3 Later Empires in Mesopotamia

3.2.4 Society and Religion in Ancient Mesopotamia

3.3 Ancient Egypt

3.3.1 The Origins of Ancient Egypt

3.3.2 The Age of Pyramid Building

3.3.3 A Second Age of Egyptian Greatness

3.4 The Indus Valley Civilization

3.4.1 The Origins of the Indus Valley Civilization

3.4.2 Trade, Writing, and Religion

3.4.3 The Era of Decline

4 The Near East

4.1 From Old Babylon to the Medes

4.1.1 Power Politics in the Near East

4.1.2 Foreign Affairs and Trade

4.1.3 Daily Life and the Family in the Near East

4.2 Egypt’s New Kingdom

4.2.1 The Hyksos in Egypt

4.2.2 The Pharaohs of the New Kingdom

4.2.3 Egypt’s Foreign Policy

4.3 The Persian Empire

4.3.1 The Rise of Persia

4.3.2 Darius I and the Reorganization of the Empire

4.3.3 Persian Culture and Daily Life

4.4 The Hebrews

4.4.1 The History of the Hebrews

4.4.2 The Culture of the Hebrews

5 Asia in Ancient Times

5.1 Ancient China

5.1.1 Prehistoric China

5.1.2 Early Dynastic China

5.1.3 The Zhou Dynasty

5.1.4 The Warring States Era and Qin Unification

5.2 The Steppes

5.2.1 The Nomadic Culture of the Steppes

5.2.2 Tribes, Confederations, and Settled Neighbors

5.3 Korea, Japan, and Southeast Asia

5.3.1 Ancient Korea

5.3.2 Ancient Japan

5.4 Vedic India to the Fall of the Maurya Empire

5.4.1 Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

5.4.2 The Aryans and Brahmanism

5.4.3 Buddhism

5.4.4 The Mauryan Empire

5.4.5 The Gupta Dynasty

6 Mediterranean Peoples

6.1 Early Mediterranean Peoples

6.1.1 The Late Bronze Age World

6.1.2 Phoenicians, Greeks, and Etruscans

6.2 Ancient Greece

6.2.1 Archaic Greece

6.2.2 Sparta and Athens

6.2.3 Classical Greece

6.3 The Hellenistic Era

6.3.1 The Kingdom of Macedon

6.3.2 Hellenistic Culture

6.4 The Roman Republic

6.4.1 The Foundation and Function of the Roman Republic

6.4.2 The Expansion of the Roman Republic

6.5 The Age of Augustus

6.5.1 The First Triumvirate

6.5.2 From Republic to Principate

7 Experiencing the Roman Empire

7.1 The Daily Life of a Roman Family

7.1.1 The Structure of Roman Families

7.1.2 A Day in the Life of a Roman Family

7.1.3 What Family Meant in Rome