| What was unique about the Yuan dynasty in Chinese history? | The entire Chinese state was ruled by someone not of Chinese ancestry. Confucianism was fully embraced throughout the Mongol Empire. There were no rebellions or revolts. China closed its borders to foreign trade for the next several hundred years. |
| Following the conversion of the Il-Khanate ruler Ghazan to Islam in 1295, what occurred in the Il-Khanate? | Il-Khanate rulers embraced Islamic culture and civilization. Intermarriage between Muslims and non-Muslims became illegal. Muslim subjects were required to adopt the nomadic lifestyle of the Mongols. Buddhism became the most widely practiced and embraced religion in the Il-Khanate. |
| How did Mongol leaders of the Il-Khanate become less distinct from their Muslim subjects in the fourteenth century? | They intermarried with their subjects. They required their subjects to adopt traditional Mongol shamanistic beliefs. They chose to live in the same neighborhoods as the peasants. They replaced all languages and traditions in their realm with newly developed ones. |
| How did the Golden Bull clarify the process of selecting a new Holy Roman emperor? | It declared that seven princes known as electors would select the Holy Roman emperor. It declared that Holy Roman emperors would be selected by hereditary succession. It declared that only popes would be eligible to serve as Holy Roman emperors. It declared that the Holy Roman emperors would be required to reside in Rome. |
| How did the period of the Avignon papacy affect the church in western Europe? | It represented the growing power of secular monarchs and a weakening of papal authority. It enabled the pope to become the king of France. It marked a period during which the pope refused to travel to the city of Avignon. It encouraged many Europeans to abandon Christianity. |
| What did the Golden Bull attempt to clarify? | The method of electing the Holy Roman emperor. The order of hereditary succession to the position of Holy Roman emperor. The nature of the Holy Roman emperor’s duty to the pope. The assessment of taxes in the Holy Roman Empire. |
| The simultaneous appointment of three popes in 1378 began the period in the history of the Catholic Church known as what? | the Great Western Schism the Conciliar Period the Avignon papacy the East–West Division |
| What may have caused the Little Ice Age, a period of global cooling during the fourteenth century? | volcanic eruptions and changes in the earth’s orbit overpopulation and the growth of cities a lack of adequate livestock on farmlands the encroachment of humans on land in the Arctic |
| What subject for analysis has the field of historical climatology incorporated into the investigation of historical climate change? | tree ring data fossilized firewood weapons used by premodern armies remnants of medieval clothing |
| The Great Famine of 1315–1317 primarily affected what regions? | northern Europe Central Africa Southeast Asia the Mediterranean |
| What caused many fourteenth-century people to migrate from their homes in search of more hospitable conditions? | worsening environmental conditions the low cost of travel in the medieval period the widespread availability of horses and carts an enormous growth in available wealth across the social hierarchy |
| What was the primary factor that made travel in the fourteenth century far more difficult than today? | the high cost and limited modes of transportation a lack of interest in leaving the homeland the difficulty of traveling with children the need to first obtain permission from the king or emperor |
| What did most medieval people believe was the cause of the Black Death? | religious, astrological, and supernatural factors insect vectors lack of cleanliness a comprehensive germ theory |
| What was true of the plague’s impact on the world of the fourteenth century? | The plague had a devastating impact on Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa. It began to have a impact only when it reached Europe. China was the only region in the world the plague did not reach. The disease originated in Australia, where it decimated the population before reaching China. |
| What was the principal means of the plague’s spread? | small rodents traveling with foodstuffs and other transported goods the use of shared medicine contaminated water supplies rabid dog bites |
| What trade route played a pivotal role in enabling the plague to spread from central Asia to western Europe and North Africa? | the Silk Roads the trade caravans of Sub-Saharan Africa commercial networks of the Rhine River merchant ships of the North Sea |
| The 1330s marked the beginning of the plague’s appearance in which regions? | the Mongol Empire and China Egypt and Libya Italy and France Ethiopia and Tanzania |
| Following the Black Death, the decline of feudalism in western Europe was hastened by what factor? | Many peasants left rural areas in search of employment in towns and cities. Nobles became so wealthy that they no longer relied on peasant labor. The Christian Church abolished the practice of servitude. Monarchs began to appropriate feudal lands for the construction of plague hospitals. |
| How did Ming emperors such as Zhu Di seek to restore Chinese cultural traditions after the overthrow of the Mongol Yuan dynasty? | by reinforcing the role of Confucianism by requiring their subjects to practice Daoism exclusively by creating a new religion known as Mingism by levying steep fines on all non-Chinese residents |
| What mystical Islamic tradition emphasized inner personal contemplation? | Sufism Shamanism Buddhism Shi‛ism |
| To address labor shortages caused by the Black Death, countries like England passed laws regulating workers’______. | hours wages working conditions religious preferences |
| How did the lack of laborers in towns and cities affect the European social structure? | It made it easier for people to set up craft shops, undermining the guild system. It led to an increase in female artisans and business owners. It reduced the size of the merchant class. It led towns to pass laws forbidding apprentices to move elsewhere. |
