Chinese, Mandarin

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Persian, Dari

Persian, Western

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek, Modern

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

<p>
	Next up we have the evidential copula <strong>-(y)mİş</strong>. 
	Like the past copula, it is also used to turn nouns into predicates.
	Example:
</p>
<table class="ui fixed celled table">
    <tbody>
        <tr>
            <td>(Apparently) That car was new.</td>
            <td>O araba yeni<strong>ymiş.</strong></td>
        </tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
<p>
	What makes the evidential copula tricky is this: it can convey the meaning of past, or it can convey the meaning of heard-aboutness without being in the past.
	Take a look at these examples:
</p>
<table class="ui fixed celled definition table">
    <thead>
        <tr>
            <th>Evidential copula combined with</th>
            <th>Turkish</th>
            <th>English</th>
        </tr>
    </thead>
    <tbody>
        <tr>
            <td>Continuous</td>
            <td>öl-üyor-<strong>muş</strong>-uz</td>
            <td>(Apparently) We were dying.</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>Future</td>
			<td>Film az sonra bit-ecek-<strong>miş.</strong><sup>1</sup></td>
            <td>(Apparently) The movie is going to end in a bit.</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>Obligation and Necessity</td>
            <td>Küçük kardeşim ödevini yap-malı-<strong>ymış.</strong></td>
            <td>(Apparently) My little sibling should have done his/her homework.</td>
        </tr>      
		<tr>
            <td>Conditional</td>
            <td>Görevinizi yap-sa-<strong>ymış</strong>-sınız</td>
            <td>(Apparently) If you had done your duty</td>
        </tr>
		<tr>
            <td>Aorist</td>
			<td>Her sabah süt iç-er-<strong>miş</strong>-im.<sup>2</sup></td>
            <td>(Apparently) Every morning I drank milk.</td>
        </tr>
    </tbody>
</table>
<sup>1</sup>Here the <strong>-mİş</strong> only conveys the meaning of heard-about. So even though we have <strong>-miş</strong> it's not in the past.
<p>
	<sup>2</sup>Here the <strong>-mİş</strong> conveys a past habit and that the speaker heard this from other sources, that he doesn't remember this first-hand.
</p>
<p>
	
</p>
<p>
	Evidential copula does not combine with regular past tense. That is to say forms like <strong>-Dİymİş</strong>, <strong>yaptıymış</strong> does not exist.
</p>
<p>
	However evidential copula combines with evidential past tense, and it gives a unique meaning:
</p>
<table class="ui fixed celled definition table">
    <thead>
        <tr>
            <th>Evidential copula combined with</th>
            <th>Turkish</th>
            <th>English</th>
        </tr>
    </thead>
    <tbody>
        <tr>
            <td>Evidential Past</td>
            <td>Gülmüş-<strong>müş</strong>-üm.</td>
            <td>(Allegedly, supposedly) I laughed (but I believe I didn't.).</td>
        </tr></tbody></table>
<p>
	Evidential copula can be combined with conditional copula, which you will see in part 3 of the copula series.
</p>

The copulas part 2: Evidential Copula

noun

adjective

determiner

verb

adverb

postposition

interjection

conjunction

pronoun

sentence

phrase

Unknown

NOUN - vowel harmony, consonant harmony

NOUN - vowel harmony, no consonant harmony

NOUN - no vowel harmony, consonant harmony

NOUN - no vowel harmony, no consonant harmony

VERB - intransitive, passive

VERB - intransitive, non-passive

VERB - transitive, non-causative

VERB - transitive, causative

VERB - ablative

VERB - dative

VERB - locative

VERB - accusative

VERB - intransitive, reciprocal

VERB - intransitive, reflexive

VERB - auxiliary

Counting to 10

Fruits

The days of the week

The months of the year

Demonstratives

Adjectives

Vegetables

Animals extended

Hello and goodbye

Colors

First degree family

Nouns and articles

Plural nouns and minor vowel harmony

Personal pronouns

The verb "to be"

There is and there are

The infinitive and the stem

The imperative and major vowel harmony

The present continuous

The locative case suffix

The accusative case suffix

The dative case suffix

Final consonant harmony

Negative verbs

Questions in the present continuous

Questions with the verb "to be"

The imperative

The imperative forms of yemek and demek

Different uses of the present continuous

Irregular verbs

The Turkish alphabet

The indefinite article and the number one

The negative form of "to be"

Question words

Meeting people

Conjunctions

Stress inside questions

Locative location pronouns

Dative and ablative location pronouns

Accusative and locative personal pronouns

The genitive case suffix

Genitive personal pronouns

Extended family

The possession suffix

Dative and ablative personal pronouns

Expressing possession with var and yok

Clothing

The head and related parts

Compound nouns

Body parts

Combining suffixes

Water and the possession suffix

Vowel elimination on suffixation

Location postpositions

Location postpositions 2

Extra vocabulary and expressions

The ablative case suffix

Wearing things

Demonstratives with case suffixes

Counting larger numbers

Using numbers and quantifiers

A bit much and more and less

Animals

Telling time

The instrumentative

The definite simple past

Food

Nuts

Countries

Traffic and directions

The weather

With and without

Nationalities

Question	Answer
(Apparently) It is going to rain today.	Bugün yağmur yağacakmış.
(Apparently) If Kamil died, everything would be easier.	Kamil ölseymiş, her şey daha kolay olacakmış.
(Apparently) Your ex-lover should have kissed you.	Eski sevgilin seni öpmeliymiş.
(Apparently, I heard that) Tomorrow you are leaving Istanbul. [Lit.] Tomorrow from İstanbul you are going-ed.	Yarın İstanbul'dan gidiyormuşsunuz.
(Allegedly) We ran away! (but we do not believe so.)	Kaçmışmışız!
I wish that your father had beaten you up.	Keşke baban seni dövseymiş.
well-behaved	uslu
(Apparently) The children are going to behave well.	Çocuklar uslu davranacaklarmış.
gas^{FOR VEHICLES}	benzin
There is no gas in the car.^APPARENTLY	Arabada benzin yokmuş.
battery^{OF A CELLPHONE}	şarj
Your phone has battery.^APPARENTLY	Telefonunuzun şarjı varmış.
Your mother does not have a problem with your father. ^APPARENTLY	Annenin babanla bir problemi yokmuş.
mind	zihin
mental	zihinsel
disorder	bozukluk
Erik has a mental disorder.^APPARENTLY	Erik'in bir zihinsel bozukluğu varmış.

Contributors